Homework 3
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 2
Question 2 4 pts
Syllables in English conform to different phonotactic constraints than the syllables of Russian do. For example, English does not allow syllables to begin with an onset of two stops. English allows onsets that start with [s], but not with other fricatives. However, Russian does allow such syllables. The word [kto] ‘who’ starts with the onset [kt], which would not be possible in English, and the word [fʧɛɾa] ‘yesterday’ starts with the onset [fʧ], which would not be possible in English.
Suppose that a Russian speaker was recorded saying words like [kto] ‘who’ and [fʧɛɾa] ‘yesterday’, and that these recordings were then played back to a group of English-speaking listeners in an experimental context. Which of the following would be most likely?
Group of answer choices
English listeners would be more likely to hear [kto] as one syllable, and [fʧɛɾa] as two syllables.
English listeners would be more likely to hear [kto] as two syllables, and [fʧɛɾa] as three syllables.
English listeners would not be able to hear either of the Russian words.
English listeners would be more likely to hear [kto] as two syllables, and [fʧɛɾa] as one syllable.
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 3
Question 3 4 pts
The following plots show the results of a hypothetical speech perception experiment. In this hypothetical experiment, participants would be played different syllables, and asked to identify whether the syllable started with the sound /g/ or the sound /k/. The acoustic stimuli were carefully manipulated by the experimenters so that some were acoustically more like /g/, some were acoustically more like /k/, and some were somewhere in between.
In these plots, the x-axis shows how similar acoustic stimuli were to /g/ vs. /k/ (the further to the right, the more like /k/ the sound is; the relevant measure is Voice Onset Time). Along the y-axis, participants’ responses are plotted. Which one of these plots illustrates categorical perception? [ Select ] [“B”, “A”]
A B
Suppose a similar experiment were conducted, where instead of consonant sounds, experimenters were interested in participants’ perception of vowel sounds. Would we expect to see categorical perception in the results? [ Select ] [“No”, “Yes”]
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 4
Question 4 4 pts
Consider the following image, representing a phonological difference between English and Hindi-Urdu.
The upper part represents phonemes, and the lower level represents allophones of those phonemes.
What is this image meant to show?
Group of answer choices
English groups the allophones /t/ and /d/ into two phonemic categories each, while Hindi-Urdu groups each allophone into one phonemic category.
Hindi-Urdu is inefficient, because it involves more phonemic categories than are necessary.
The number of phonemes a language has depends on the anatomical differences in its speakers’ inner ears.
English phonology is deficient, because it fails to recognize the difference between [th] and [t].
English groups the allophones [th], [t], and [d] into two phonemic categories, while Hindi-Urdu groups those same allophones into three distinct phonemic categories.
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 5
Question 5 3 pts
The McGurk effect shows that acoustic information is the only relevant perceptual information in speech perception.
(Meaning, for instance, that visual input has no effect on speech perception)
Group of answer choices
True
False
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 6
Question 6 3 pts
Assumptions made by a listener about a speaker’s gender can influence which sound they hear.
Group of answer choices
True
False
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 7
Question 7 8 pts
For this question, refer to the following data from Colonial Nahuatl:
noun meaning word meaning word meaning
pet͡ɬa-t͡ɬ “mat” pet͡ɬa-wah “one who has mats” pet͡ɬa-wah-keh “ones (PL) who have mats”
t͡ɬatki-t͡ɬ “property” t͡ɬatqui-wah “one who has property” t͡ɬatqui-wah-keh “ones (PL) who have property”
pil-li “child” pil-wah “one who has children” pil-wah-keh “ones (PL) who have children”
Based on these data, match the morphemes the their appropriate description:
Group of answer choices
t͡ɬatki
[ Choose ] derivational suffix root inflectional suffix
pil
[ Choose ] derivational suffix root inflectional suffix
pet͡ɬa
[ Choose ] derivational suffix root inflectional suffix
wah
[ Choose ] derivational suffix root inflectional suffix
keh
[ Choose ] derivational suffix root inflectional suffix
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 8
Question 8 3 pts
Many languages use case markers to show how different words/phrases function in a sentence.
For example, in Latin, consider how the form of the noun Cyzicus (the name of a place) is different when that noun functions as the goal of a motion event, as compared to when it functions as the source:
Dative Ablative
Cyzic-um petebāmus
‘We are traveling to Cyzicus’ ex Cyzic-o veni
‘I have come from Cyzicus’
Similarly, in Huallaga Quechua, consider these different forms of the noun Llakun (the name of a place):
Dative Ablative
Llakun-ta aywaykan
‘He is going to Llakun’ Llakun-pita shamushka
‘I have come from Llakun’
True or false: Isolating languages (e.g. Mandarin Chinese) use case markers.
Group of answer choices
True
False
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 9
Question 9 3 pts
In a morphologically complex word such as resealable, the prefix and suffix attach at the same time to the stem.
Group of answer choices
True
False
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 10
Question 10 4 pts
According to this tree diagram, which of the following statements is true about the morphological structure of the word unhealthiness?
Group of answer choices
The suffix -ness is attached to the stem healthy.
The prefix un- is attached to the stem healthiness.
The prefix un- is attached to the root health.
The suffix -ness is attached to the stem unhealthy.
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 11
Question 11 4 pts
Examine the list of words below. Based on this data set, which lexical category does the suffix -ate attach to in English?
Remember that (*) means the word is not possible in English.
carbonate
hyphenate
modulate
pulsate
*understandate
*thinkate
*soonate
*greenate
*betweenate
*subjectivate
Group of answer choices
Preposition
Noun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 12
Question 12 4 pts
Consider the following verbs in Arabic:
Note: the symbol ʕ represents a voiced pharyngeal fricative sound, and the symbol x represents a voiceless velar fricative sound.
xarajt “I left”
rajaʕt “I came back”
naʃart “I published”
rikibt ” I rode”
Now consider their negated counterparts in Egyptian Arabic and in Standard Arabic:
Egyptian Arabic Standard Arabic
maxarajtiʃ “I did not leave” maxarajt “I did not leave”
marajaʕtiʃ “I did not come back” marajaʕt “I did not come back”
manaʃartiʃ “I did not publish” manaʃart “I did not publish”
marikibtiʃ “I did not ride” marikibt “I did not ride”
In Egyptian Arabic, the negation affix meaning not attaches to its base as [ Select ] [“a prefix”, “a suffix”, “an infix”, “a circumfix”] . On the other hand, in Standard Arabic, the negation affix meaning not attaches to its base as [ Select ] [“a circumfix”, “a prefix”, “a suffix”, “an infix”]
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 13
Question 13 6 pts
In English, the pronoun you is used to address another person. This is called the “second-person” use of a pronoun. This can be contrasted with the “first-person” use, where a speaker uses a pronoun like I to refer to themselves, and the “third-person” use, where a speaker uses a pronoun like he to refer to someone else.
In English, and in many languages, the “person” of a pronoun is a morphosyntactic feature. This is reflected in agreement. Consider the present-tense forms of be:
First person Second person Third person
I am sad You are sad He is sad
Notice that the form of be is not determined simply by the reference of the subject. For example, a speaker can say yours truly to refer to themselves (a first-person use), but this phrase does not agree with am. Similarly, the expression your majesty can be used to refer to another person (a second-person use), but this phrase does not agree with are. Instead, both these phrases agree with is, the third-person form of be.
• Yours truly is/am sad. • Your majesty is/are sad.
Therefore, person (as in “first person”, “second person”, etc.) is a morphosyntactic feature which is dissociable from the meaning of a pronoun.
This is also true for many other languages. To illustrate, consider the present-tense agreement forms of estar ‘be’ in Spanish:
First person Second person Third person
Yo estoy triste Tú estás triste Él está triste
Now, in Spanish and many other languages, different pronouns are used in the second-person for varying degrees of formality/politeness. In Spanish, the word usted can be used to address another person in a very formal way, while the word tú is more often used to address another person informally. The word usted historically comes from a phrase like English your majesty. Notice that usted does not agree with estás (the second-person form), but with está (the third-person form):
• Usted está/*estás triste.
This agreement pattern indicates that usted [ Select ] [“is morphosyntactically third-person, even though its interpretation is that of a second-person pronoun”, “is used incorrectly in Spanish, because its morphosyntactic agreement does not match its meaning”, “is neither third-person nor second-person, because its interpretation and its agreement do not match”] .
Now recall the case of “singular they” in English, discussed in class, and compare the case of they to that of Spanish usted. The English pronoun they is [ Select ] [“different from”, “similar to”] Spanish usted in that its morphosyntactic features [ Select ] [“are grammatically incorrect”, “directly match its meaning”, “do not directly match its meaning”] , which is a [ Select ] [“communicatively problematic”, “logically invalid and regrettable”, “linguistically valid and widespread”] phenomenon.
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Spacer
Examine the data below from Kinyambo, and then answer the questions that follow. Answer the questions here based ONLY on the data given here. Do not rely on any knowledge about this language that you may have independently.
For the purposes of this question, it will be useful to adopt the following terminology:
• I, they, we, etc. are subject pronouns
• you (sg) is ‘you’ used to address one person; you (pl) is ‘you’ used to address a group
• (be) tying, (be) cooking, etc. are present tense
Study these data, and then answer questions 14-17
1 nakajuna ‘I helped’
2 barakoma ‘they will tie’
3 nitukoma ‘we are tying’
4 narajuna ‘I will help’
5 nituchumba ‘we are cooking’
6 nimujuna ‘you (pl) are helping’
7 orasoma ‘you (sg) will read’
8 baratura ‘they will put down’
9 nimukichumba ‘you (pl) are cooking it’
10 bakakinaga ‘they lost it’
11 arakinaga ‘she will lose it’
12 nibatura ‘they are putting down’
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 14
Question 14 4 pts
Select the morpheme from the options below that indicates the subject of the verb is we.
Group of answer choices
soma
ba-
ni-
tu-
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 15
Question 15 3 pts
The morpheme ni- is a [ Select ] [“prefix”, “suffix”, “circumfix”] and makes verbs [ Select ] [“future tense”, “un-tensed”, “past tense”, “present tense”]
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 16
Question 16 3 pts
In this data set, there are three sets of morphemes:
- roots
- subject-pronoun affixes
- tense affixes
True or false: The subject-pronoun affixes always occur to the left of the tense affixes.
Group of answer choices
True
False
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 17
Question 17 5 pts
The meaning ‘I am cooking’ would probably be expressed in Kinyambo as:
Group of answer choices
kanachumba
ninachumba
nanichumba
natuchumba
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 18
Question 18 5 pts
In addition to singular and plural, some languages use further number-marking strategies. The dual form is used to mark a pair of things (i.e. two of something). Some languages have a trial form used to mark three of something. There can also be a paucal form, used to mark a relatively small number of things (usually somewhere between 3 and 10).
With that in mind, consider these data from the Austronesian language Daakie. Note that the translations have been modified to make the question more transparent.
timaleh soo (=’one’) mwe ‘one child’
timaleh woroló (=’two’) kolom ‘two children’
timaleh worosyee (=’three’) kiyem ‘three children’
timaleh worovyet (=’four’) kiyem ‘four children’
timaleh songavi (=’ten’) lam ‘ten children’
In each of these examples, the first word is a noun meaning ‘child’, the second word is a number word (‘one’, ‘two’, etc.), and the third word is a grammatical marker.
Focusing on the different forms of this grammatical marker, which of the following is most accurate?
Group of answer choices
This grammatical marker inflects for singular, dual, and plural
This grammatical marker inflects for singular, dual, paucal, and plural
This grammatical marker inflects for singular and plural
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 19
Question 19 4 pts
In this three-lined gloss, the first line provides a Vietnamese sentence, the second line provides a word-by-word English translation, and the third line provides the actual English translation.
Vietnamese data:
1) hai thiên thạch
two sky stone
“Two meteorites”
2) hai thợ sửa xe
two workers fix vehicle
“Two auto mechanics”
According to this data from Vietnamese:
Group of answer choices
Vietnamese is an analytic language.
Vietnamese is a synthetic language.
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 20
Question 20 3 pts
Consider the following pairs of English words. Examples 1 and 2 illustrate a suffix -ɪd, examples 3 and 4 illustrate at suffix -d, and examples 5 and 6 illustrate a suffix -t.
- land [lænd] ~ landed [landɪd]
- print [pɹɪnt] ~ printed [pɹɪntɪd]
- allow [əlɑ͡ʊ] ~ allowed [əlɑ͡ʊd]
- claw [klɑ] ~ clawed [klɑd]
- mask [mæsk] ~ masked [mæskt]
- clamp [klæmp] ~ clamped [klæmpt]
The -ɪd, -d, and -t suffixes are [ Select ] [“allophones”, “allomorphs”] of the same [ Select ] [“morpheme”, “phoneme”] and the
choice of form in each of these cases may be predictable on the basis of [ Select ] [“the phonetic environment”, “the meaning of the word”]
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 21
Question 21 4 pts
I wish I had baked the cake at your party.
The sentence above has two possible interpretations. One meaning is that your party is the place I wish I’d been when I baked the cake. Another meaning is that the cake I wish I’d baked was specifically the one at your party.
This sentence is an example of __
Group of answer choices
morphological ambiguity
phonological ambiguity
word order ambiguity
syntactic / structural ambiguity
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 22
Question 22 3 pts
Consider the following two famous example sentences from Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures
(1) Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
(2) Furiously sleep ideas green colorless
These sentences indicate [ Select ] [“the difference between”, “the similarity of”, “the equivalence of”] syntactic and semantic well-formedness because while [ Select ] [“only the second sentence is”, “only the first sentence is”, “both sentences are”, “neither sentence is”] syntactically well-formed, [ Select ] [“only the first sentence is”, “only the second sentence is”, “neither sentence is”, “both sentences are”] semantically meaningless.
Move To… This element is a more accessible alternative to drag & drop reordering. Press Enter or Space to move this question.
Flag question: Question 23
Question 23 15 pts
The language Turkish has vowel harmony, in which vowels in affixes tend to match in certain features to the final vowel of the morpheme it attaches to. The Turkish vowel system is shown below. There are 8 vowels, which differ from each other in whether they are back/front, round/unround, and high/low.
If an affix has a vowel, the vowel will match the backness of the preceding vowel. For example, if an affix has the low, unround vowel, it will have two allomorphs, one where the vowel is [e] for when the preceding vowel is a front vowel, and one where the vowel is [ɑ] for when the preceding vowel is a back vowel.
Study the following data from Turkish.
[kɯzlɑr] ‘girls’
[jollɑrɯn] ‘your roads’
[sonlɑrɯn] ‘your ends’
[eller] ‘hands’
[buzlɑr] ‘ices’
[jerin] ‘your place’
[søzler] ‘words’
[dɑllɑrɯn] ‘your branches’
[sɑplɑr] ‘stalks’
[jyzlerin] ‘your faces’
[iplerin] ‘your ropes’
Identify the allomorphs of the morpheme that marks plurals, and the allomorphs of the morpheme that marks the genitive case. What type of affixes are the plural and genitive (prefixes, suffixes, infixes, or circumflexes) and in what order do they attach to roots in Turkish? Explain how you arrived at your answer for each, referencing specific examples from the data set. Given that [kɑplɑn] is the morpheme for “tiger” how would you say “your tigers” in Turkish? (15 points)
(Hint: the genitive case denotes possession or close association as in “the cat’s food” or “the wind of the storm”)
Criteria Complete Expectations Partial Expectations Missed Expectations
Allomorphs 3 points
Correctly identifies the allomorphs of both morphemes and the order that they attach to roots. 1-2 points
Correctly identifies only some of the allomorphs. 0 points
Does not correctly identify the allomorphs of either morpheme.
Order 2 points
Correctly identifies the type of the affixes and the order that they attach to roots. 1 point
Correctly identifies either the type of the affixes or the order that they attach, but not both. 0 points
Does not correctly identify either the type of the affixes or the order that they attach.
Generalization 5 points
Correctly identifies how you would say “your tigers” in Turkish, including the correct vowels in the affixes. 1-4 points
Correctly identifies part of how you would say “your tigers” in Turkish, but doesn’t get quite the right form. 0 points
Does not correctly identify how you would say “your tigers” in Turkish
Explanation 5 points
Explains reasoning used to arrive at the answers for both morphemes 1-4 points
Explains reasoning for only some parts of the question 0 points
Does not explain reasoning
View keyboard shortcuts
Edit
View
Insert
Format
Tools
Table
12pt
Paragraph
pView keyboard shortcutsAccessibility Checker
0 words
Switch to the html editorFullscreen
Quiz saved at 10:55pm Submit Quiz
