In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:
The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).
The instructor wants an introduction and conclusion format
A 60-year-old male presents to your clinic. He reports urinary frequency and incontinence since having his chemo and radiation therapy 3 years ago secondary to prostate cancer. Even though the symptoms are bothersome, he is more concerned about his low back and hip pain which began approximately one month ago which he initially attributed to lifting heavy boxes. The pain is now constant and disrupts his sleep. Labs reveal a normal urinalysis and CBC, a PSA of 7.2. A DRE reveals an enlarged, nodular prostate. The x-rays of the LS spine are positive for mild degenerative changes and what appears to be a cystic mass near the spine.
Keep in mind that this patient has Prostatitis related to possible STIs in the past or Nerve damage in the pelvic region due to an injury.
Below is a possible resource
A PSA of 7.2 is considered to be high. This is because the normal range for PSA is 0-4.0 ng/mL. A PSA of 7.2 ng/mL is considered to be elevated and may be indicative of prostate cancer. In this case, the elevated PSA is likely due to the patient’s history of prostate cancer and treatment with chemotherapy/XRT. The patient’s elevated PSA may also be due to other factors, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
The bones close to the prostate are the pelvic bones, including the hip bones. The cancer may have spread to these bones, causing the pain. The x-rays show a mass near the spine, which may be the cancer. A bone scan or MRI may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for bone pain may include pain medication, radiation therapy, or surgery.
The prostate is located in the lower abdomen, below the bladder. It is a small, walnut-sized gland that is part of the male reproductive system. The prostate produces a fluid that makes up part of the semen. The prostate also helps to expel urine from the body. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. It is most often diagnosed in men over the age of 50. Prostate cancer is treated with surgery, radiation, and/or hormone therapy. Chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy are sometimes used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. The symptoms of prostate cancer can be similar to the symptoms of other conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate. The symptoms of BPH can include urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and urinary incontinence. The symptoms of prostate cancer can also include pain in the lower back and hips. This is often caused by the cancer spreading to the bones. The x-rays of the lower spine may show evidence of cancer in the bones.
The risk factors associated with prostate cancer are many and varied. The most significant risk factor is age, with the vast majority of cases occurring in men over the age of 50. Other risk factors include a family history of prostate cancer, African-American ethnicity, and exposure to certain chemicals and hormones. Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are also thought to increase the risk of prostate cancer. The most important thing to remember with prostate cancer is that it is very slow-growing, and many men will die of old age before the cancer ever becomes a problem. For this reason, prostate cancer screening is controversial, and many experts believe that the risks of screening (false positives, unnecessary biopsies, etc.) outweigh the benefits.
Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland that can be caused by a variety of things, including infection, trauma, or autoimmune reaction. While prostatitis is not typically considered a risk factor for prostate cancer, there is some evidence to suggest that it may be a factor in a small minority of cases.
One study found that men with a history of prostatitis were more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer than men without a history of the condition. However, this study was small and did not take into account other potential risk factors for prostate cancer, so it is not considered definitive evidence.
Another study found that men with chronic prostatitis were more likely to have aggressive prostate cancer, though again, this study was small and did not take into account other potential risk factors.
Overall, the evidence suggests that prostatitis may be a risk factor for prostate cancer in a small minority of cases. However, it is not clear how great the risk is, and other factors, such as age, family history, and lifestyle, are thought to be more important in most cases.
In this case, the patient has a history of prostate cancer and has been treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. He is now experiencing urinary frequency and incontinence, as well as low back and hip pain. Labs reveal a normal urinalysis and CBC, but a PSA of 7.2. A DRE reveals an enlarged, nodular prostate. The x-rays of the lumbar spine are positive for mild degenerative changes and what appears to be a cystic mass near the spine.
The patient’s treatment plan will likely involve a combination of medical and surgical interventions. The exact treatment approach will depend on the severity of the patient’s symptoms and the extent of his disease. Medical interventions for the treatment of prostate cancer can include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy. Hormone therapy can be used to lower testosterone levels, which can slow the growth of prostate cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy can be used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Surgical interventions for the treatment of prostate cancer can include radical prostatectomy (removal of the prostate) and/or radiation therapy. Radical prostatectomy can be used to remove the prostate and surrounding tissue. Radiation therapy can be used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
No, chemotherapy/XRT would not cause a patient to become anemic. However, the cancer itself could cause anemia if it is causing damage to the bone marrow or if it is causing bleeding.
