Introduction
The demand for quality nursing care is an increasingly rising phenomenon in modern healthcare practice, despite an irregular ratio of patient and registered nurses in healthcare facilities. Medland, Howard-Ruben, and Whitaker (2004) note that the percentage of registered nurses in the United States is increasingly decreasing, hence, increasing the workload on the available nurses. The work environment for the nurses becomes extremely challenging especially when working in understaffed facilities where they have to work for several hours that end up stretching their mental and physical energies resulting in burnout (Medland, Howard-Ruben, and Whitaker, 2004). Ulla, et al. (2008) describe burnout as a work-related stress syndrome that develops gradually when the affected persons are continuously exposed to stress factors in their workplaces. Thus, this paper reviews previous literature on programs that can help reduce burnout among nurses as an intervention to help improve their working conditions and service delivery.
Gunusen and Ustun (2009) investigated the perspectives of nurses on burnout and the barriers and facilitators affecting attendance at a burnout reduction program. The study embraced a qualitative approach with structured interviews. The study sample in this study was a total of 18 nurses. The outcome measure evaluated in this study was the impact of workload on burnout among the nurses and thematic analysis was the main study measurement tool used in this study. A work-related intervention was used that found out that people prefer work-related intervention to person directed interventions to help reduce burnout and stress among workers.
Berna, Street and Love (2006) investigated the relationships between stressors, work supports, and Burnout among cancer nurse in a quantitative study with 179 research participants. Stressors, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were the outcome measures based on Maslach’s Burnout Inventory Scale. 50 factors were identified as sources of stress among the study population. On the Pearson scale, significant relationships were found between Stressors and Emotional Exhaustion (r = 0.48), and between Stressors and Depersonalization (r = 0.34), but not between Stressors and Personal Accomplishment. The study also established a weak relationship between peer support and personal intensity.
Bittma, et al. (2003) examined the clinical and potential economic impact of a 6-session Recreational Music-making (RMM) protocol on burnout and mood dimensions, as well as on Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) in an interdisciplinary group of long-term Care workers in a quantitative Study. A total of 125 participants that included 24 men and 101 women was used. An assessment of changes in burnout and mood Dimensions based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Profile of Mood States scales was used to assess changes in burnout and moods. An overall multivariate eustress effect for the data set was noted to be significant. The study noted statistically-significant reductions of multiple burnout, mood dimensions, and TMD scores. The study also found out a cost saving of about $89,100 for single typical 100-bed facility, with total annual potential savings to the long-term care industry of $1.46 billion. The study also found out that a cost-effective, 6-session RMM protocol helps reduce mood dimensions and burnout, and TMD among long-term care workers.
Peterson, et al. (2008) tested the effect of participating in a flexing peer-support group on self-report and the study involved 660 health-workers in a randomized quantitative study. The measurement outcomes examined in this study included burnout (exhaustion and disengagement), anxiety, depression, quantitative demands, general health and vitality. The Oldenburg Burnout inventory scale was used in this study. The General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social factors at Work was also used in the evaluation of quantitative demands of the study participants. The researchers found significant intervention for general health, quantitative work demands, participation and development work opportunities and opportunities in support at work. The identified categories participants in this study included behavioral change, relief of symptoms, structure, self-confidence, sense of belonging, knowledge, and talking to others in a similar situation,. The study found out the use of peer support groups can help alleviate work-related stress and burnout at a low cost.
Estryn-Béhar, et al. (2007)’s aim was to ascertain and clarify whether and how social work environment, teamwork characteristics, burn- out, and personal factors are associated with nurses’ intent to leave. The study embraced a mixed approach design utilizing the stratified sampling technique. The study comprised of 28, 561hospital based nurses. The sample was classified into; nurses (n = 18,594), specialized nurses (n = 3957), head nurses (n = 3256), and nursing aides and ancillary staff (n = 2754). The main outcomes measured in this study are social work environment, teamwork characteristics, burn- out, and personal factors. The Pearson’s test was used to estimate the relationship between various factors while the SPSS method was used to analyze the collected data. Stratified sampling technique was used across the selected countries to help analyze the factors enhancing a patient’s intention to leave. The study found out that the nurses’ intention to leave is a highly prevalent occurrence in the study regions. The study also found out that working conditions and economic situation; Quality of teamwork, interpersonal relationships, career development possibilities, uncertainty regarding treatment, and influence at work are highly associated with directly impact the nurses’ intentions to leave.
Kravits, et al. (2010)’s aim was to develop a psycho-educational program that assists nurses in developing efficient stress management plans. The study embraced a mixed methods approach of burnout evaluation with a study sample of 248 participants. Emotional exhaustion was the measured outcome in this study and its influence in the development of burnout among the nurses. Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to assess the EE, DP, and PA burnout syndromes. A wellness plan was also used to assess the strategies employed by the participants to help develop a positive self-care attitude. Psycho-educational program was adopted in this study which found out that impacting on the emotional wellness of nurses plays a major role in relieving them of burnout and stress syndromes.
Ewers, et al. (2002) evaluated the effect of Psychosocial Intervention Training (PSI) on the knowledge, attitudes and levels of clinical burnout in a group of forensic mental Health nurses. The study embraced a quasi-experimental pretest/post-test design with subjects being randomly allocated to either a waiting list control condition or to the PSI training group . The study sample in this research was 33 nurses. Knowledge, attitudes and levels of burnout were the main elements examined in this study with PSI educational training programs. The nursing staffs in the experiment group depicted increased knowledge and care towards persons with serious mental illness, consequently showing signs of reduced burnout and stress. The nursing staffs in the control group exhibited little knowledge about serious mental illness in addition to recording high levels of burnout. The study thus postulates that people training nurses on best methods of handling persons with serious mental illnesses helps enhance their concern for them in addition to reducing the development of burnout in their working environments.
Li, et al. (2014) determined the potential association between core self-evaluation and the burnout syndrome among Chinese nurses, and the mediating role of coping styles in this relationship. The study utilized a quantitative design with a study sample size was 1559 participants. Burnout and attitudes to work were the main measurement outcomes examined in this intervention exercise whose tools of study were; Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), the Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSE), and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ). Self-evaluation exercise was the program selected to help achieve the objectives of this study. According to the study, nurses who had higher self-evaluation characteristics, reported less Emotional exhaustion and cynicism, and higher professional efficacy. Coping style had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between the burnout Syndrome and CSE among nurses. The CSE exercise depicted a relationship burnout and coping styles.
Kowalski, et al. (2009) aimed to examine the relationship between a hospital’s social capital, individual decision latitude, workload and emotional exhaustion in nurses, controlling for age, sex, years of professional experience and job tenure. This study was a survey quantitative study with a sample size of 1325 participants though only 925 responded. The major measurement outcomes in this study were; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal performance. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and scale was used in this study. The study program was implemented by the use of questionnaires administered to all participating hospitals. The study identified three significant factors contributing to emotional exhaustion among the nurses’ workload, decision latitude and social capital. The study further established that emotional exhaustion was not affected by factors like age, sex or years of service.
Onan and Barlas (2013) evaluated the effect of coping with stress training on oncology nurses regarding their stress Symptoms, ways of coping with stress and burnout situations. This study was a quasi-experimental research design with pre-post intervention assessment. The study sample was 30 nurses working in oncology units. Emotional exhaustion was a major outcome measure used in this study. Other measures were stress, burnout and coping ability. Maslach Burnout Inventory tool was used in this study. A training program with coping units was used in this study. The study found out that emotional exhaustion was a major cause of burnout among nurses working in nursing oncology units.
Salyers, et al. (2011) tested an intervention to reduce staff burnout and embraced a mixed methods approach. The study sample was 103 participants only 85 participated. The main measurement outcomes in this study were emotional exhaustion and Depersonalization using the Maslach Burnout Inventory study tool. The study program in this study involved a direct training process where participants were educated on best methods to reduced work-related burnout. The study noted that participants who took part in the study recorded reduced levels of burnout in addition to.
Gunusen and Ustun (2010) evaluated the effects of coping and support group interventions to reduce Burnout among nurses in a quantitative randomized design in its quest to meet its set objectives. A total of 108 sample size of study nurses was used in this study. The major outcome measure examined in this study was emotional exhaustion and burnout. The study observed that interventions help reduce the level of emotional exhaustions leading to a reduction in burnout among the affected people. Additionally, the study proposes that continuous intervention exercises can help reduce occurrence of burnout in the long term.
Awa, et al. (2010) evaluated the effectiveness of intervention programs at the workplace or elsewhere aimed at preventing burnout, a leading cause of work related mental health impairment. Burnout was the main measurement outcome in this stud where systematic search of burnout in existing databases was the main study tool. The study observes that there is serious need for refresher programs to help counter the negative effects of burnout in the workplace.
Redhead, et al. (2011) evaluated the outcomes of experimental PSI training program on the knowledge, attitudes and levels of clinical burnout of qualified and unqualified nursing staff working in the LSU and to assess evidence of implementation of PSI in practice. This study was a quasi-experimental research design incorporating both the experiment and control groups. A sample of 79 nurse participants was selected for this study. The main measurement outcomes were knowledge, attitude and burnout. An attitude PSI scale was used in this study in addition to the use of the Maslach Burnout Inventory tool. The study found out that training to increase their knowledge about persons with serious mental illness helps reduce levels of burnout.
Isaksson, et al. (2010) investigated levels and predictors of change in burnout dimensions after an intervention for help-seeking nurses. A sample of 172 nurses took part in this study whose measurement outcomes were emotional exhaustion and burnout. Maslach’s Burnout Inventory was the study tool employed in this study. A counseling intervention program was used and the study noted that the mean exhaustion level drastically reduced after the intervention exercise.
Le Blanc, Hox and Taris (2007) examined the effects of a team-based burnout intervention program combining a staff support group with a participatory action research approach. The study used a quasi-experiment design with a sample of 664 participants. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were the main measurement outcomes examined in this study and Maslach’s Burnout Inventory was employed in this study A PSI training program was used in this study. The study found out that burnout levels were significantly related to the changes in job perception over time.
Mackenzie, Poulin and Seidman-Carlson (2006) aimed to find out the most effective ways to reduce and prevent burnout. The study used a quasi-experiment design. A sample of 30 participants took part in the study. The main measurement outcomes in this study were burnout, relaxation and life satisfaction. Maslach’s Burnout Inventory scale, Smith Relaxation Dispositions Inventory scale and the Intrinsic Job Satisfaction subscale were used in this study. A mindfulness-training program was used in this study. The study found out that mindfulness training helps reduce burnout, enhance relaxation, and improve life satisfaction for nurses.
Medland, Howard-Ruben and Whitaker (2004) aimed to identify psychosocial wellness and the avoidance of burnout as key priorities for the retention of oncology nurses and to describe a program designed for a specific setting to enhance the psychosocial wellness and coping skills of oncology nurses. The main measurement outcomes examined in this study were the coping skills and their impact in reducing burnout. The main measurement outcomes examined in this study were the coping skills and their impact in reducing burnout. The study found out that ffostering psychosocial wellness in the workplace potentially can increase oncology nurse retention.
Conclusion
Burnout is a common problem facing the nursing practice due to the increase in demand for high quality care with a shrinking experienced nursing workforce. The resultant workload is at times too heavy to handle for the available nurses in practise leading to gradual development of job dissatisfaction and emotional exhaustion. The need to develop methods of reducing burnout among the nurses has prompted various researchers to conduct several studies regarding nursing burnout and the findings suggest that appropriate interventions should be adopted to help mitigate the condition. Hospital managements are thus encouraged to adopt programs targeting the management of burnout among their nursing staffs to help enhance their productivity over the long term.
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| No | Authors/Date | Research Objectives/ Questions | Study Design | Sample Size | Outcome Measures | Measurement Tool | Programme selected | Findings | ||||
| 1 | Gunusen and Ustun, 2009. | The aim of this study was to investigate the perspectives of nurses on burnout and the barriers and facilitators affecting attendance at a burnout reduction program. | The study embrace a qualitative approach with structured interviews. | The study sample in this study was a total of 18 nurses. | The outcome measure evaluated in this study is the impact of workload on burnout among the nurses. | Thematic analysis was the main study measurement tool used in this study. | A work-related intervention was used in this study. | The study found out that people prefer work-related intervention to person directed interventions to help reduce burnout and stress among workers. | ||||
| 2 | Berna, Street, and Love, 2006. | To Investigate the relationships between stressors, work supports, and Burnout among cancer nurses. | Quantitative study | 179 research participants | Stressors, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization | Maslach’s Burnout Inventory Scale | Intervention based on the Maslach’s Burnout Inventory Scale and the evaluation of the relationship between peer support and personal accomplishment. | 50 factors were identified as sources of stress among the study population. On the Pearson scale, significant relationships were found between Stressors and Emotional Exhaustion (r = 0.48), and between Stressors and Depersonalization (r = 0.34), but not between Stressors and Personal Accomplishment. The study also established a weak relationship between peer support and personal intensity. | ||||
| 3 | Bittma, Bruhn, Stevens,Westengard,and Umbach, 2003. | To examine the clinical and potential economic impact of a 6- session Recreational Music-making (RMM) protocol on burnout and mood dimensions, as well as on Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) in an interdisciplinary group of long-term Care workers.
| Quantitative Study | A total of 125 participants. This included 24 men and 101 women. | An assessment of changes in burnout and mood Dimensions based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory And the Profile of Mood States scales.
| Maslach Burnout Inventory Scale and the Profile of Mood States Scale. | RMM Intervention | An overall multivariate eustress effect for the data set was noted to be significant. The study noted statistically-significant reductions of multiple burnout, mood dimensions, and TMD scores. The study also found out a cost saving of about $89,100 for a single typical 100-bed facility, with total annual potential savings to the long-term care industry of $1.46 billion. The study also found out that a cost-effective, 6-session RMM protocol helps reduce mood dimensions and burnout, and TMD among long-term care workers. | ||||
| 4 | Peterson, U., Bergstrom, G., Samuelsson, M., A. Bergstrom, M.A., Sberg, M. and Nygren, A. A. 2008. | The aim of this study was to test the effect of participating in a reflecting peer-support group on self-reported health, burnout and on perceived changes in work conditions. | Randomized quantitative study | The study involved 660 workers | The measurement outcomes examined in this study included burnout (exhaustion and disengagement), anxiety, depression, quantitative demands, general health and vitality. | The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory Scale was used in this study. The General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at Work was also used in the evaluation of quantitative demands of the study participants.
| Measurement of change in work conditions. | The researchers found significant intervention for general health, quantitative work demands, participation and development work opportunities and opportunities in support at work. The identified categories participants in this study included behavioral change,relief of symptoms, structure,self-confidence, sense of belonging, knowledge, andtalking to others in a similar situation, . The study found out the use of peer support groups can help alleviate work-related stress and burnout at a low cost. | ||||
| 5 | Estryn-Béhar, M., Van der Heijden, B., Ogińska, H., Camerino, D., Nézet, O., Conway, P.M., Fry, C. and Hasselhorn, M. 2007. | The aim of this study was to ascertain and clarify whether and how social work environment, teamwork characteristics, burn- out, and personal factors are associated with nurses’ intent to leave | The study embrace a mixed approach design utilizing the stratified sampling technique. | The study comprised of 28, 561hospital based nurses. The sample was classified into; nurses (n = 18,594), specialized nurses (n = 3957), head nurses (n = 3256), and nursing aides and ancillary staff (n = 2754). | The main outcomes measured in this study are social work environment, teamwork characteristics, burn- out, and personal factors. | The Pearson’s test was used to estimate the relationship between various factors while the SPSS method was used to analyze the collected data. | Stratified sampling technique was used across the selected countries to help analyze the factors enhancing a patient’s intention to leave. | The study found out that the nurses’ intention to leave is a highly prevalent occurrence in the study regions. The study also found out that working conditions and economic situation; Quality of teamwork, interpersonal relationships, career development possibilities, uncertainty regarding treatment, and influence at work are highly associated with directly impact the nurses’ intentions to leave. | ||||
| 6 | Kravits, K., McAllister-Black, R., Grant, M. and Kirk, C. 2010. | The aim of this study was to develop a psycho-educational program that assists nurses in developing efficient stress management plans. | The study embrace a mixed methods approach of burnout evaluative. | The study ample for this study was 248 participants. | Emotional exhaustion was the measured outcome in this study and its influence in the development of burnout among the nurses. | Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to assess the EE, DP, and PA burnout syndromes. A wellness plan will also be used to assess the strategies employed by the participants to help develop a positive self-care attitude. | Psycho-educational program was adopted in this study. | The study found out that impacting on the emotional wellness of nurses plays a major role in relieving them of burnout and stress syndromes. | ||||
| 9
| Ewers, P., Bradshaw, T., McGovern, J. and Ewers, B. 2002. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Psychosocial Intervention Training (PSI) on the knowledge, attitudes and levels of clinical burnout in a group of forensic mental Health nurses. | The study embrace a quasi-experimental pretest/post-test design with subjects being randomly allocated to either a waiting list control condition or to the PSI training group . | The study sample in this research was 33 nurses. | Knowledge, attitudes and levels of burnout were the main elements examined in this study | PSI Training | PSI educational training programs | The nursing staffs in the experiment group depicted increased knowledge and care towards persons with serious mental illness, consequently showing signs of reduced burnout and stress. The nursing staffs in the control group exhibited little knowledge in about serious mental illness in addition to recording high levels of burnout. The study thus postulates that people training nurses on best methods of handling persons with serious mental illnesses helps enhance their concern for them in addition to reducing the development of burnout in their working environments. | ||||
| 10 | Li, X., Guan, L., Chang, H., and Zhang, B. 2014. | The aim of this study was to determine the potential association between core self-evaluation and the burnout syndrome among Chinese nurses, and the mediating role of coping styles in this relationship. | The study utilized a quantitative design. | The study sample size was 1559 participants | Burnout and attitudes to work were the main measurement outcomes examined in this intervention exercise. | The tools of study used in this study were; Maslach Burnout Inventory- General Survey (MBI-GS), the Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSE), and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ). | Self-evaluation exercise was the program selected to help achieve the objectives of this study. | According to the study, nurses who had higher self-evaluation characteristics, reported less Emotional exhaustion and cynicism, and higher professional efficacy. Coping style had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between the burnout Syndrome and CSE among nurses. The CSE exercise depicted a relationship burnout and coping styles. | ||||
| 11 | Kowalski, C., Ommen, C., Driller, E., Ernstmann, N., Wirtz, P., Ko¨ hler, T. and Pfaff, H. 2009. | This study aimed to examine the relationship between a hospital’s social capital, individual decision latitude, Workload and emotional exhaustion in nurses, controlling for age, sex, years of professional experience and job tenure. | This study was a survey quantitative study. | The study sample size was 1325 participants though only 925 responded. | The major measurement outcomes in this study were; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal performance | The Maslach Burnout Inventory and scale was used in this study. | This study program was implemented by the use of questionnaires administered to all participating hospitals. | The study identified three significant factors contributing to emotional exhaustion among the nurses’ workload, decision latitude and social capital. The study further established that emotional exhaustion was not affected by factors like age, sex or years of service. | ||||
| 12 | Onan, N., Isil, O. and Barlas, G.U. 2013. | This study aimed to evaluate the effect of coping with stress training on oncology nurses regarding their stress Symptoms, ways of coping with stress and burnout situations. | This study was a quasi-experimental research design with pre-post intervention assessment. | The study sample was 30 nurses working in oncology units. | Emotional exhaustion was a major outcome measure used in this study. Other measures were stress, burnout and coping ability. | Maslach Burnout Inventory tool was used in this study. | A training program with coping units was used in this study. | The study found out that emotional exhaustion was a major cause of burnout among nurses working in nursing oncology units. | ||||
| 13 | Salyers, M.P., Hudson, C., Morse, G., Rollins, A., Monroe-DeVita, M., Wilson, C. and Freeland, L. 2011. | This study tested an intervention to reduce staff burnout | The study embraced a mixed methods approach in its execution. | The study sample was 103 participants only 85 participated. | The main measurement outcomes in this study were emotional exhaustion and Depersonalization. | Maslach Burnout Inventory tool was used in this study | The study program in this study involved a direct training process where participants were educated on best methods to reduced work-related burnout. | The study noted that participants who took part in the study recorded reduced levels of burnout in addition to | ||||
| 14 | Gunusen, N.P. and Ustun, B. 2010. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of coping and support group interventions to reduce Burnout among nurses. | The study embrace quantitative randomized design in its quest to meet its set objectives. | A total of 108 sample size of study nurses was used in this study. | The major outcome measure examined in this study was emotional exhaustion and burnout. | Maslach Burnout Inventory tool was used in the study process. | Person directed interventions were used in this study. | The study observed that interventions help reduce the level of emotional exhaustions leading to a reduction in burnout among the affected people. Additionally, the study proposes that continuous intervention exercises can help reduce occurrence of burnout in the long term. | ||||
| 15 | Awa, W.L., Plaumann, M. and Ulla, W. 2010. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs at the workplace or elsewhere aimed at preventing burnout, a leading cause of work related mental health impairment. | _ | _ | Burnout was the main measurement outcome in this study. | _ | A systematic search of burnout in existing databases. | The study observes that there is serious need for refresher programs to help counter the negative effects of burnout in the workplace. | ||||
| 16 | Redhead, K., Bradshow, T., Braynion, P., and Doyle, M. 2011. | The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of an experimental PSI training program on the knowledge, attitudes and levels of clinical burnout of qualified and unqualified nursing staff working in the LSU and to assess evidence of implementation of PSI in practice. | This study was a quasi-experimental research design incorporating both the experiment and control groups. | A sample of 79 nurse participants was selected for this study. | The main measurement outcomes in this study were knowledge, attitude and burnout. | An attitude PSI scale was used in this study in addition to the use of the Maslach Burnout Inventory tool. | A PSI training program was used in this study. | The study found out that training to increase their knowledge about persons with serious mental illness helps reduce levels of burnout. | ||||
| 17 | Isaksson, K., Gude, T., Tyssen, R. and Aasland, O. 2010. | This study investigated levels and predictors of change in burnout dimensions after an intervention for help-seeking nurses. | The study utilized a quantitative research design. | A sample of 172 nurses took part in this study | The measurement outcomes in this study were emotional exhaustion and burnout. | Maslach’s Burnout Inventory was employed in this study | A counseling intervention program was used in this study | The study noted that the mean exhaustion level drastically reduced after the intervention exercise. | ||||
| 18 | Le Blanc, P.M., Hox, J.J. and Taris, T.W. 2007. | The aim of the study was toexaminethe effects of a team-based burnout intervention program combining a staff support group with a participatory action Research approach. | The study used a quasi-experiment design. | A sample of 664 participants was used in this study. | Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were the main measurement outcomes examined in this study. | Maslach’s Burnout Inventory was employed in this study | A PSI training program was used in this study | The study found out that burnout levels were significantly related to the changes in job perception over time. | ||||
| Mackenzie, C.S., Poulin, P.A., and Seidman-Carlson, R. 2006. | The aim of this study was to find out the most effective ways to reduce and prevent burnout. | The study used a quasi-experiment design. | A sample of 30 participants took part in the study. | The main measurement outcomes in this study were burnout, relaxation and life satisfaction. | Maslach’s Burnout Inventory scale, Smith Relaxation Dispositions Inventoryscale and the Intrinsic Job Satisfaction subscale were used in this study. | A mindfulness-training program was used in this study. | The study found out that mindfulness training helps reduce burnout, enhance relaxation, and improve life satisfaction for nurses. | |||||
| Medland, J., Howard-Ruben, J., and Whitaker, E. 2004. | The aim of this study was to identify psychosocial wellness and the avoidance of burnout as key priorities for the retention of oncology nurses and to describe a program designed for a specific setting to enhance the psychosocial wellness and coping skills of oncology nurses. | _ | _ | The main measurement outcomes examined in this study were the coping skills and their impact in reducing burnout. | Data sources from relevant databases. | _ | The study found out that fostering psychosocial wellness in the workplace potentially can increase oncology nurse retention. | |||||
