Intelligence analysis is a complex process and it needs high degree of analytical judgment, in which the analyst considers particular uncertainties. In the process of carrying out an intelligence analysis, the analyst focuses on filling the gap between knowledge and the way one can use the knowledge to manage the problem.[1] This paper outlines some structured analytical techniques that are applied to solve problems that require to be solved in an intelligent manner. For an explicit discussion and explanation of the intelligent methods that can be used to come up with the right solution for specific problems, each problem will be reviewed, generate a sub-problem, articulate Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR) and Essential Elements of Information (EEI), and lastly gives an analysis of how the sub-problem can be addressed through techniques so that the analyst team generates an amicable solution regarding the matter.

List of the Problems

Problem 1

Problem 1: A recent wave of terrorism in Egypt is threatening the stability of the central government. What does this mean?
Sub-problem: Is the recent threatening political stability in Egypt a sign of government running out of resources that are set to deal with the political threatening crisis? What does the political threat stability in Egypt mean to the government structure? What does the Egyptian political threatening stability mean to the foreign alliances, especially the countries that supply Egypt with sustainability materials?

With Egypt being one of the North African Country that has for encountered political instability, the political turmoil within the country can adversely influence the global and regional interest of countries such as the United States and other nations that have a strong relationship with the Arabic and Muslim countries.[2] From the issues that are raised above, it is evident that Egypt is a falling state and to prevent unnecessary impacts that will affect the Egyptians in a negative way, short-term and long-terms solution are needed. The solutions will safeguard the nation, prevent occurrence of crisis that may erupt from the Middle East countries, and bring about stability in Egypt and its allies that will help the nation in various ways.

PIRs/EEIs:

·         There are reports in Egypt claiming that the rise of attacks in the most regions has been due to internal conflict and the government scope. Attacks have been happening in the regional capital because of the relationship between the protests and coercion.

The Method: Quality Information Check

In the quality information check method, the intelligence team will first develop a database where the information concerning the case of political instability in Egypt will be stored.[3] Information review will be done according to the type and date of data, so that the analysts identify the weaknesses and strength of the information being analyzed. Importantly, this will allow the team to retrieve the best data concerning the political instability case in Egypt. In the analyzing process, some of the areas that the team will consider will include the government structure and the way the issue influences the arrangement of the government. Besides, the government resources, especially those that are set to fight political wrangles in the country will be examined, with the hope of gathering the information concerning the resources that are available and how they can be used to curb the political instability threat. Finally, through the quality information check, the intelligence team will carry a massive search on the impact of the threat to the foreign nations and to what extent the foreign countries are contributing to the event in Egypt.

For the information reviewed to be effective, the intelligence will need background information regarding the causes of the issue at hand and the source of information should be feasible so that the reporting of the matter can be done in a systematic way. As the Egyptian case is a serious matter that stance negative impact to the country, the quality information check method will give the team an opportunity to identify critical sources of the matter.[4] Additionally, the method allows the intelligence teams to check for sufficient and strong reports that are related to the issue.[5] Finally, with the use of this method, the team will have the chance to reexamine previous data that are connected to this case.[6]

 

Problem 2

Problem 2: Oil prices have spiked, and Chinese companies have obtained operations and engineering contracts in multiple Persian Gulf states. What is the likelihood of Chinese intervention in the Persian Gulf to ensure the supply of oil to China?
Sub-problem:

What do the spike oil prices mean to other countries competing with China? What are the challenges that China is likely to face after its intervention in the Persian Gulf? What are the national security consequences of countries that depend on the oil products?

Currently, the price of oil has fallen due to the increase in oil supplies and the slowing demand for the products. Since the case has hardly changed since 2014, developed countries such as China have benefited with the spike with China becoming one of the largest country to import the product that is in turn boosting its economy.[7] This means that despite the lower demand and lowering of the oil price globally, China has been able to buy more oil at a reasonable price with the objective of boosting its strategic petroleum reverse. Nevertheless, this has turn out to be a problem in some ways, as the Chinese intervention in the oil market is affecting other countries, especially the oil producers and buyers. Further, the challenges that China is encountering in the Persian Gulf has played a significant role the current oil price spike.[8] This issue can be handled by the intelligence team, but with the use of an appropriate method that will ensure that harmonious solutions are achieved and the solutions do not affect China in a negative manner.
PIRs/EEIs:

·         The Chinese policymakers and decision-makers view China as country that depends on the imported oil as a source of vulnerability. On the other hand, the U.S does not see China as a country that needs a lot of oil, which has raised questions on China’s motives in its intervention in the Gulf.

The Method: High Impact/ Low Probability Analysis Approach

The method is best for this case because it analyses the policymakers who believe the event that a country or other policymakers are taking have an impact that may influence global economic.[9] Therefore, the team can effectively employ method to deal with the issue of oil price changes and the challenges that this aspect is bringing to the world economy. For example, the technique has been successful in the cases such as in the fall of Soviet Union, in which the team that was involved in solving the matter considered the changes had a low probability of bringing consequences to the global economy.[10]

A key strength for this method is that it encourages the analyst team to be innovative and provide key ideas in solving the intelligence problem.[11] In addition, the method is viewed as a suitable technique for the Chinese case because it gives the analysts the opportunity to assess the drivers of the case reviewed and how the causes are changing over time.[12] This will assist the team to create the solution that minimizes the drivers that make the demand for the oil slow as well the reasons leading to the price. Finally, the method gives the analyst a chance to access the possible events that the case at hand will cause by assessing possible probabilities and their impacts.

 

Problem 3

Problem 3:

The civil war in Sudan is raging, and it looks increasingly likely that an even more extremist leader, a known supporter of al-Qaeda, is coming to power. The new regime is both virulently anti-American and expansionist, talking about Somalia, Egypt, and exporting its beliefs. What does this mean for the US?

Sub-problem:

What are the causes of the terrorist attack in America? Is the issue of religion the next cause of a global war? What are some of the political interests that are contributing to the rise of conflict in the Islamic and Arabic nations?

Over the years, different global controversies like terrorism have posed great security threats to the counties across the globe, including world superpowers such as the United States. The primary causes of the global controversies include political and economic factors that in turn have led to police brutality within the community, unjustifiable criminal justices, illegal distribution of armed equipment, and increase in crime rates.[13] However, religion has come out as one of the leading causes of the global controversies, in which cases of Islamic-extremists have attached countries and regions perceived as non-Islamic or have different religious backgrounds. With the rise of unnecessary civil wars, groups such as Al-Qaeda and the support that the group is gaining from the extreme-Islamists leaders, it is becoming a great problem not only to the United States, but also to all countries in the world.[14] As such, as the U.S works to protect its borders and support a global initiative against terror attacks that Al-Qaeda and other groups perpetuate, it has ended up as a primary target.
PIRs/EEIs:

·         The September 11, 2001 attack on the United States was motivated by Islamic extremism, in which the group of attackers quoted rejection and democracy as the main reasons that led to the attack.

The Method: Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (Ach)

The Analysis of competing Hypotheses (Ach) technique has helpful assumptions that the intelligence team can use to build information regarding the Al-Qaeda groups and the threat the civil war in Sudan poses to the United. States.[15] Remarkably, using this technique gives the intelligence team an opportunity to gather a significant amount of information regarding the main problems and the sub-problems. In this method, a hypothesis is generated, where the analysts will use it to carry out the process of evaluating the intelligence problem. A key advantage of the Analysis of Competing Hypotheses method is that it allows the intelligence team to attack the problem at its roots.[16] This is to say, the technique will not only come out with realistic solutions concerning the problem that the intelligence team is tackling, but it will also guide and influence the analysts when making probabilistic solutions concerning the problem.

As the review of the Sudanese civil war and support of the Al-Queda is a grave security issue, some of the information may be confidential and restricted for the intelligence team. Therefore, Analysis of Competing Hypotheses is necessary in such a case because of the creation of the hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, which makes the intelligence group to recognize the assumptions surrounding the case that the team is trying to solve.[17] The method is as well beneficial to the analysts, as it allows them to change their mind in case the ideas generated do not work or seem unrealistic to tackle the problems.[18] For example, with the issue of Sudanese leaders failing to control the civil war and supporting the Al-Quade group, the analysts may change their reasoning on the causes of the issues because the matter is not only caused by the aspect of religion, but also political and personal interests of different leaders in the oil-rich nation.

 

Problem 4

Problem 4:

The Israelis destroyed a suspected nuclear weapons facility in Syria. Was it a nuclear weapons facility? What does this mean for non-proliferation efforts?

Sub-problem:

What is the truth about Israel’s secret nuclear attack on Syria? What are the global impacts if Israel did not destroy the nuclear weapons? What are the implications of the claim to the United Nations?

Over the years, it was believed that Israel had destroyed Syria’s nuclear weapon when it raided the Syria in 2007.[19] However, reports from Syria claim that the country is still creating the bomb with the help of some of the Asian countries such as North Korea and Iran. If this assertion is true, this means that the UN must make fast decisions, because if Syria is in a position of holding Nuclear weapon, the country may use the weapon to carry out attacks to against its enemies.[20] The countries raising the question of whether Israel destroyed the Syria’s nuclear bomb include Britain and United States; the two countries have called for an international monitoring of Syria’s operations. With Syria’s nuclear capabilities being a global threat, Israel believes that Syria is only misleading the world on its possession of atomic weapons and a nuclear facility in a secret location.[21] Therefore, it is clear that the nuclear weapon secret is an alarming issue that needs a special intelligence investigation with the application of the best intelligence method so that the team comes up with a real solution to this matter.
PIRs/EEIs:

·         Reports indicate that Syria has a hidden bomb in the dessert and Syria may soon test its nuclear weapons.

The Method: Brainstorming

In the case of Syria and Israel, the best method that the intelligence group needs to use is brainstorming. The technique is broad and not complex, as it stimulates the thinking of different analysts, who meet to combine ideas regarding an issue that needs to be addressed as soon as possible. As one of the techniques that are used in the modern project, this method is suitable in evaluating whether Syria is constructing or has possession of nuclear weapons because it gives different personalities diverse expertise to point out ideas that will apply when dealing with threats.[22] Additionally, brainstorming gives the analysts an opportunity to come up with a session where each member of the team presents what they think is the best approach regarding the problem. Furthermore, the technique allows the analysts to maximize their creativity, as members get to know each other well and generate typical judgments that are used in making informed judgements.[23] Finally, brainstorming will allow the intelligence team to see the actual factors that are making people claim that Israel did not destroy the Atomic weapons in Syria. The analyst will consider the factors, which will allow them to come up with ideas that are set to solve the problem and actually make Israel provide critical facts that will help solve this problem.

 

 

Bibliography

Beitler Ruth M. and Jebb Cindy R. Jebb. Egypt as a Failing State: Implications for US National Security. [Colorado Springs], Colo.: USAF Institute for National Security Studies, 2003.

Center for the Study of Intelligence. Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence. Washington, D.C: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2012.

Daojiong Zha and Meidan Michal. China and the Middle East in a New Energy Landscape. Research Paper, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London. 2015:

Follath, Erich. A Dossier Pertaining to a der Spiegel Report of a New Nuclear Site in Syria, FAS https://fas.org/man/eprint/spiegel.pdf. (Accessed 30 September 2016)

Jensen, Carl J., David McElreath, and Melissa Graves. Introduction to Intelligence Studies. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2013.

Pope Simon and Jøsang Audun. Analysis of Competing Hypotheses using Subjective Logic. International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium. http://www.dodccrp.org/events/10th_ICCRTS/CD/papers/126.pdf (Accessed 30 September 2016)

The United States Government. A Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence Analysis. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/Tradecraft%20Primer-apr09.pdf. (Accessed 30 September 2016)

Walsh, Patrick F. Intelligence and Intelligence Analysis. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011.

Williams, Mary E. The Terrorist Attack on America. San Diego: Greenhaven. 2003.

[1] Simon Pope and Jøsang Audun. Analysis of Competing Hypotheses using Subjective Logic. International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, (accessed 30 September 2016), 2

[2] Ruth M. Beitler  and Jebb Cindy R. Jebb. Egypt as a Failing State: Implications for US National Security ([Colorado Springs], Colo.: USAF Institute for National Security Studies, 2003), 2.

 

[3] Center for the Study of Intelligence. Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence (Washington, D.C: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2012), 11.

 

[4] The United States Government, A Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence Analysis, CIA, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/Tradecraft%20Primer-apr09.pdf . (Accessed 30 September 2016)

 

[5] ibid

[6] ibid

[7]Zha Daojiong and Meidan Michal. China and the Middle East in a New Energy Landscape. Research Paper, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London. 2015, 1.

 

[8] ibid

[9] Patrick F. Walsh. Intelligence and Intelligence Analysis (New York, NY: Routledge, 2011), 238.

[10] ibid

[11] Jensen, Carl J., David McElreath, and Melissa Graves. Introduction to Intelligence Studies. (Boca Raton: CRC Press 2013), 147.

[12] Ibid

[13] Mary E. Williams. The Terrorist Attack on America. (San Diego: Greenhaven, 2003), 20.

[14] ibid

[15] The United States Government, A Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence Analysis, CIA, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/Tradecraft%20Primer-apr09.pdf . (Accessed 30 September 2016)

 

[16] ibid

[17] The United States Government, A Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence Analysis, CIA, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/Tradecraft%20Primer-apr09.pdf . (Accessed 30 September 2016)

 

[18] ibid

[19] Follath, Erich. A Dossier Pertaining to a der Spiegel Report of a New Nuclear Site in Syria: https://fas.org/man/eprint/spiegel.pdf. 2015. (Accessed 30 September 2016), 2

[20] ibid

[21] ibid

[22] The United States Government, A Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence Analysis, CIA, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/Tradecraft%20Primer-apr09.pdf . (Accessed 30 September 2016)

 

[23] ibid

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