What is the coelem?
What are the differences between tissues and organs?
What are the major organ systems of the human body?
What are the 4 main types of tissue?
What are the three functions of epithelium?
Contrast simple versus stratified epithelium.
What are the three functions of connective tissue?
What are the three kinds of connective tissue in the skeletal system and how does bone differ from cartilage?
Two types of connective tissue that function in storage and transport are?
Where are red blood cells formed?
What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
What is osteoporosis?
What are the three types of muscle in vertebrates?
Where do you find smooth muscle in the human body?
Describe how actin and myosin are arranged and grouped to form skeletal muscle.
Why are gap junctions important in cardiac cells?
What are the roles of nerve cells and glial cells in the nervous system?
Draw a nerve cell and label its parts.
How do sensory, association, and motor neurons relate?
What type of skeleton do humans have?
What are tendons?
How do flexors and extensors relate to one another?
Explain how muscle contraction works making sure to include the roles of the sarcomere, actin, myosin, the z-line.
How do tropomyosin and the sarcoplasmic reticulum influence the initiation of muscle contraction?
What are the vessels of the closed human circulatory system and how do they differ?
Blood plasma that is forced out of capillary walls is referred to as what?
What are the three functions of the circulatory system?
What does the circulatory system transport?
What are the three components of the human cardiovascular system?
How do arteries differ from arterioles?
Why do capillaries have thin walls?
Describe how blood flows back to the heart with the aid of muscle contraction and uni-directional valves.
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
What are the components of blood plasma?
What are the three principal types of blood cells?
What is the difference in function between red and white blood cells?
Distinguish between types of lymphocytes.
How many chambers are found in the human heart?
Trace the complete flow of blood through the heart and circulatory system starting from and ending with the pulmonary veins.
What are the aorta, inferior and superior vena cava?
What is the function of the bicuspid valve?
Describe how a wave of depolarization moves across the heart creating a heartbeat.
What is not functioning correctly if one has a heart murmur?
What is the difference between heart attacks and strokes?
What is the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?
How do alveoli play a role in respiration?
Trace air from entering the nostrils to the alveoli of the lungs.
What happens to the chest cavity and diaphragm while inhaling and exhaling?
Contrast the tidal volume versus the residual volume of air in the lungs.
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
Describe how CO2 returns from tissue back to the lungs.
Describe how mutagens in cigarette smoke lead to mutation in the p53 gene which causes lung cancer.
What is the first line of defense against infection and the
largest organ of our body?
What are the layers of the skin?
Does sweat protect against infection?
How does our digestive system and respiratory system protect against microbes?
Where are most white blood cells produced and stored?
How do macrophages and neutrophils differ in the way they deal with invading
microbes?
Describe the way in which natural killer cells and the complement system attack microbes.
What are the types of proteins that kill invading microbes?
What are the three steps of the inflammatory response?
How can fevers both be good and bad?
What is the difference between lymphocytes and phagocytes?
What are the two main types of lymphocytes?
What is an antigen?
What are the 4 main types of T cells and how do they differ in function?
Where are T versus B cells produced?
What do memory cells do?
What are major histocompatibility markers?
How can you tell whether cells have been infected?
When macrophages find a cell that has been invaded, how does it respond?
What is the difference in function of interleukin 1 versus 2?
Describe the steps of the T cell immune defense.
Do B cells attack and kill microbes or infected body cells?
Describe the steps of the B cell immune defense.
When antibodies mark antigen and infected cells, what will happen to the antigen and infected cells?
What type of cells protect you from repeated infection in the future?
What is clonal selection?
Describe the difference between the primary and secondary immune response.
Study figure 29.15.
When may a vaccination no longer be effective?
Describe the steps in creating an AIDS vaccine.
What types of blood can an individual be given if they are type A, B, AB, or O?
What are autoimmune diseases?
Describe the steps in an allergic reaction.
How does the HIV virus cripple the immune system?
