Population Health Case Study
Smoking cessation has continued to attract the attention of different scholars, health personnel, health agencies, and governments, among other stakeholders. With documented health effects from tobacco smoking, its management continues to top as a major health concern today. Like other places all over the world, tobacco smoking among the youths in the U.S. is now a major health concern (Bunnell et al. 2015). The increasing number of the adolescents and the youth getting into tobacco smoking habits is the main focus for this study with the view of ascertaining the reasons for smoking, tobacco smoking, effects and measures of smoking cessation.
There were various reasons which promote tobacco smoking despite the efforts put in place to control the practice. Mays, et al. (2014) argue that societal and individual factors influence smoking among individuals. The major factors at the social levels, which encourage smoking among the youth is adverse tobacco smoking advertisements, peer influence at social centers, social norms, and practices, which promote smoking (Mays, et al., 2014).
According to Mays, et al. (2014), tobacco advertisement has been the major predictor of smoking among the youth. Tobacco advertisement exposures increase the likelihood of starting smoking habits among the young people. The authors note that moat smokers started smoking at an early age of 18 because of the great tobacco smoking advertisements in televisions and other social media platforms. This is brought by the fact that tobacco advertising and promoting companies exaggerate the effects of tobacco and spread the perception that smoking incurs several benefits to the individual (Mays, et al., 2014). Tobacco smoking promotions entice youths to start smoking among those who had not started the habits and encourage those already smoking to smoke more cigarettes in a day.
Another cause of smoking among the youths is peer influence. Peer influence has been a significant challenge more in learning institutions where the youths are the primary population. The feeling of looking mature, look like friends and to experiment (Bunnell, et al., 2015). The belief that smoking is ‘cool’ and helps one identify with a social class makes several youths to start smoking to associate with friends and avoid isolation. Moreover, social behaviors which encourage tobacco smoking have even intensified smoking habits (Mays, et al., 2014). This is seen in a situation where a member(s) of a family or most of the members of the society are smoking. Youths would be quickly dragged into smoking because of this.
Nicotine, the active ingredients in tobacco, is significantly addictive (Mays, et al., 2014). With time, addiction stems in, making it hard for most addicts to quit. Addiction increases the body’s urge to smoke even if an individual develops complications associated with smoking (Bunnell, et al., 2015). Controlling addiction has been a great challenge which requires medical attention. As such, the U.S. has continuously seen an increase in the number of drug rehabilitation centers.
A previous studies have noted, there are various stages of tobacco smoking among the youths. Pre-contemplation forms the first stage of tobacco smoking where the youths have not considered starting smoking but are getting information about tobacco smoking (Ypsilantis, et al., 2013). In contemplation, the information received results in curiosity which makes the initiate smoking. Further, during the third stem, initiation, the addicts try to taste the feeling of smoking. Experimentation, which is the fourth step involves repeating the smoking attempt and this makes the individual a continuous smoker. Maintaining the smoking habit occurs when the person has been addicted to tobacco use and must smoke for normal functioning of the body. Quitting smoking is the last step, which depends on the personal needs and decision to stop the habit though it can be facilitated by a rehabilitation center.
Tobacco smoking has been associated with several complications. Among the adverse effects related to tobacco smoking include loss of appetite and body weight (Ypsilantis et al., 2013). This was also reported among the youths who are smokers due to the disturbance with leptin and ghrelin, which are the hormones involved in appetite and food intake (Ypsilantis et al., 2013). According to Ypsilantis et al., (2013), cardiovascular diseases are the primary conditions which develop as a result of cigarette smoking. Atherosclerosis, stroke, and hypertension are the primary cardiovascular manifestations of smoking (Ypsilantis et al., 2013). Most of the youths admitted to the hospitals have at least one of the diseases, and this has resulted in increased rates of premature deaths among the young people. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases also develop as a result of exposure to tobacco smoking. Most youths who are continuous smokers are often identified by their respiratory complications caused by the biological effects of smoke in the body (Ypsilantis et al., 2013).
Preventing adolescents smoking is one of the primary objectives of the United States Department of Health. In order to improve population health among the youths, various measures have been put to reduce the initiation of smoking and to manage the youth who are already smokers. One of the steps taken is the implementation of tobacco control programs and policies. According to Farrelly et al. (2013), the decline in the number of smoking addicts among the youth can be attributed to many tobacco control policies. There were increased funding for the policy, which discouraged smoking among the youths.
In addition, United States developed local smoke-free air ordinance in places including the restaurants, social halls, and bars (Farrelly et al., 2013). These laws only allowed a given quantity of tobacco to be restricted to the youths, tobacco prices to be raised, and smoking bans to be effected in institutions such as universities.
According to McRobbie, Raw, and Chan, (2013) controlling tobacco advertisement is another measure which has been taken to reduce smoking among the youths. Reducing the significant publicity and promotions of tobacco in the United States has resulted in a reduction in smoking among the youths. Youths are, thus, prevented from indulging in tobacco smoking as a result of various promotions in social media and televisions. The media should be used for discouraging the use of tobacco among the youth (McRobbie, Raw, & Chan, 2015). This has been very effective in showing the adverse effects associated with tobacco consumption.
Moreover, healthcare professionals should take the role of educating the youth on the need to quit smoking. This has been done by organizing health based seminars and education forums which the youths are the target population (McRobbie, Raw, & Chan, 2015). Health education in the adverse effects of smoking would help in creating awareness to those who did not know them. This can also be done by religious leaders of the societies. Discouraging open smoking in the community would reduce the peer influence among the youths to indulge in smoking (McRobbie, Raw, & Chan, 2015).
Additionally, enhancing tobacco cessation guidelines is a method, which has shown great impact in tobacco cessation (McRobbie, Raw & Chan, 2013). The guidelines would act as the tool to assist tobacco users to quit smoking. This can be personally administered, and it can well be managed in the rehabilitation centers. The guidelines provide a sequential step which can be followed by tobacco users to reduce the rate of smoking and finally quit smoking habit (McRobbie, Raw, & Chan, 2015).
To effectively eliminate tobacco use and dependence, treatment of tobacco users is also important. Treatment involves administration of medical drugs, which reduce the effects of smoking, nicotine in the body, reducing the urge of the body to smoke, and managing complications which have developed as a result of smoking (McRobbie, Raw, & Chan, 2013). Treating tobacco use and addiction can be achieved by use of nicotine and non-nicotine products. Nicotine is available in various forms which are nicotine inhalers, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine gum, and nicotine patch. (McRobbie, Raw, & Chan, 2015) No nicotine agents include Bupropion and Varenicline. Clinicians provide decreasing amounts of nicotine into circulation thus reducing the urge to smoke (McRobbie, Raw, & Chan, 2015).
From the above discussion, tobacco smoking among the youth has been on the rise in the United States and around the world. Smoking among the youths predisposes them to development of various diseases, which has resulted in premature deaths. In order to reduce these cases, the United States Departments of Health has established the reasons for smoking among the youths and developed various management measures. Implementation of the measures has significantly resulted in cessation of smoking in the youth population.
References
Bunnell, R. E., Agaku, I. T., Arrazola, R. A., Apelberg, B. J., Caraballo, R. S., Corey, C. G., & … King, B. A. (2015). Intentions to Smoke Cigarettes Among Never-Smoking US Middle and High School Electronic Cigarette Users: National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2011–2013. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(2), 228-235. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu166
Farrelly, M. C., Loomis, B. R., Han, B., Gfroerer, J., Kuiper, N., Couzens, G. L., & … Caraballo, R. S. (2013). A Comprehensive Examination of the Influence of State Tobacco Control Programs and Policies on Youth Smoking. American Journal Of Public Health, 103(3), 549-555. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300948
Mays, D., Gilman, S. E., Rende, R., Luta, G., Tercyak, K. P., & Niaura, R. S. (2014). Influences of Tobacco Advertising Exposure and Conduct Problems on Smoking Behaviors Among Adolescent Males and Females. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(6), 855-863. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu018
McRobbie, H., Raw, M., & Chan, S. (2013). Research Priorities for Article 14—Demand Reduction Measures Concerning Tobacco Dependence and Cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(4), 805-816. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts244
Ypsilantis, P., Politou, M., Anagnostopoulos, C., Tsigalou, C., Kambouromiti, G., Kortsaris, A., & Simopoulos, C. (2013). Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Its Cessation on Body Weight, Food Intake and Circulating Leptin, and Ghrelin Levels in the Rat. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(1), 206-212. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts113
Reflection
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Reflection
Dr. Philip Kotler defines marketing as “the function of the organization that keeps in constant touch with the organization’s consumers, read their needs, develop products that meet these requirements, and builds a program of communications to express the organization’s purposes” (Stokes, R., & Quirk eMarketing (Firm), 2013, pg. 5). Therefore, digital marketing is a process aimed at the creation of consumer demand using the power of the integrated worldwide web . While studying this course, I have learned a considerable amount of new information applicable in both personal and professional performance, which will be discussed in this paper.
In the first chapter, I got an introduction to digital market and the various concepts involved. The fact that every click made online can be digitally quantified and tracked opens up the marketing world to overwhelming possibilities. For example, through following on online digital activities, marketers can identify a specific niche. In doing so, a specialist can then segment this market and design specific tailor made products for the target audience . This directly creates demand for the particular product. It also contribute to a brand’s loyalty. Through web analytics, which is an activity for tracking, analyzing, and drawing insight from online data , a marketer can further understand the audience’s needs. This will help him/ her choose the most appropriate digital marketing model, for instance, Think, Create, Engage and Optimize (TCEO). “Think” is the first place to start. It is tasked with formulating plans for the digital world. It includes areas such as consumer insight, research, concept development, channel planning, and allocation of budget. In turn, “Create” brings together all aspects of building web assets. “Engage” entails generation and driving of traffic, as well as building relationships with the customers. It also involves buying and planning, searches engine optimization, and email and social media campaigns. Eventually, “Optimization” is the constant improvement of the system. This information is useful for my professional life because nowI now know how to use web analytics for market segmentation, as well as how to apply TCEO model for const ant improvement of the activity.
Furthermore, I learned about digital marketing strategy in the second chapter. As Dr. Philip Kotler defines it, “marketing is the science of creating and exploring value to satisfy the needs of a target market to make a profit” (Stokes, R., & Quirk eMarketing (Firm), 2013, pg.17). Therefore, its objective is to make a profit. In the adoption of a digital marketing strategy, the primary focus on the challenges affecting profitability . With this in mind, to develop an effective strategy, I have to consider brand identity challenges and make a series of well-informed decisions. These solutions would be based on the pillars including the environment, business, customer, and the competitors. The environment deals with the outside world in which the business is marketed. It includes everything ranging from global economics to petroleum prices. The business entails what the brand stands for, the feelings it elicits, the values it promotes, and the overall identity. The customer is typically the targeted audience. It signifies people or groups that identify themse lves with the brand. The competitor is similar products supplementing yours not only for revenue but also for attention and time. Digital marketing strategies can be built using building blocks from two primary analysis systems such as the 4 Ps and the SWOT approaches. 4Ps means products, prices, placement, and promotion, along with new P for people. The SWOT system is based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a product. All these systems are useful for professional success because now, I can formulate an effective digital marketing strategy for any business or product.
The third chapter was focused on market research. It involves systematical gathering, recording, and analyzing data about customers, competitors, and market with an aim of turning this information into insight that can drive market strategies and campaigns. The driving concepts of market research are investigation methodology, qualitative and quantitative data, primary and secondary survey , and sampling. Research methodology is a set of activities one should follow when conducting the study. It involves establishing goals for the task, determining your samples, choosing data collection methods, collection of actual information, analyzing the results, and finally formulating conclusions and actionable insights. Primary and secondary research is the first study done on a particular hypothesis and subsequent investigators respectively. Qualitative research is based on determining the consumer’s views on the product: if it meets their needs or not. Qualitative research is of numbers, figures, and statistics about the performance of the product. Sample involves researching on a small group of individuals that act as representatives of the market. This part provided me with extremely valuable information and experiences as currently, I know how to conduct a complete market research.
To sum up, digital marketing involves keeping in touch with consumer’s needs, anticipating them, and designing products to meet the needs of clients. From this book, I have learned a huge amount of valuable insights . The first chapter is enlightening on digital marketing, the principals involved, web analytics, and how to use them to come up with the Think, Create, Engage and Optimize (TCEO) model. From the second chapter, I have learned about digital marketing strategies, the pillars for decision making, and the two primary analysis systems. In the third chapter, I have gained knowledge about market research and its guiding concepts. All this information is exceedingly applicable on a professional level as highlighted above.
Reference
Stokes, R., & Quirk eMarketing (Firm). (2013). EMarketing: The essential guide to marketing in a digital world. Cape Town: Quirk eMarketing.
Dear Clinton,
Thank you for the work you have done. It is evident that you have already comprehended how to write good essays and reports as you are aware of how to develop paper and paragraphing structures. Keep it up.
However, there are still some weaknesses. In spite of your progress, all topic and concluding sentences required editing due to incompleteness. Please, note that each such a sentence must either introduce or summarize the main idea of the section, not separate parts of it, to the full extent. Please, address my modifications and comments and track a difference. Please, proofread your papers more precisely to avoid cases of repetitions, tautology, misspelling, missed words, and other careless grammar errors. Eventually, I strongly recommend you to read English literature, articles, and periodicals to enhance your stylistic and vocabulary. I apply a fine of 5% for gray insertions left due to usage of citation generators to grab you attention!
Please, do you best to reveal all your strength. I hope that in the next paper you will introduce them in conjunction. Your bid for the order is 75%. Your mark is 66.
Sincerely,
Jason
Mentor
Missed spacing.
Please, mind that such transitions must be separated by a semicolon and comma when they used within a sentence.
Misspelling
Adverbs must be put before verbs in Present Simple.
Repetition. Please enhance your vocabulary.
It was unclear what you meant
You should have composed a non-restrictive relative clause. It is forbidden to use brackets in such a way.
It is wrong to use this pronoun without a verb.
Please, use various transitions to ensure a smooth flow of your thoughts
For what?
Missed comma before a subject of the next clause.
Wrong preposition.
Wordiness
You did not mention them before.
Missed oxford comma. http://thewritepractice.com/why-you-need-to-be-using-oxford-commas/
Awkward structure.
Wrong sequence of words.
It is the appropriate name of the analysis. Please, always make sure that you provide relevant facts.
Confusing structure of a clause.
It must be an adjective.
Redundant spacing. Please, be more attentive during proofreading.
Multiple repetitions.
Wrong word choice.
Follow the link http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/Semicolons.html – semicolon
http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/colons.asp – colon
Please, speak as a professional!
I apply a fine for the use of this contraction!
Please, avoid the gray insertions!
Reflection
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Reflection
Dr. Philip Kotler defines marketing as “the function of the organization that keeps in constant touch with the organization’s consumers, read their needs, develop products that meet these requirements, and builds a program of communications to express the organization’s purposes” (Stokes, R., & Quirk eMarketing (Firm), 2013, pg. 5). Therefore, digital marketing is a process aimed at the creation of consumer demand using the power of the integrated worldwide web . While studying this course, I have learned a considerable amount of new information applicable in both personal and professional performance, which will be discussed in this paper.
In the first chapter, I got an introduction to digital market and the various concepts involved. The fact that every click made online can be digitally quantified and tracked opens up the marketing world to overwhelming possibilities. For example, through following on online digital activities, marketers can identify a specific niche. In doing so, a specialist can then segment this market and design specific tailor made products for the target audience . This directly creates demand for the particular product. It also contribute to a brand’s loyalty. Through web analytics, which is an activity for tracking, analyzing, and drawing insight from online data , a marketer can further understand the audience’s needs. This will help him/ her choose the most appropriate digital marketing model, for instance, Think, Create, Engage and Optimize (TCEO). “Think” is the first place to start. It is tasked with formulating plans for the digital world. It includes areas such as consumer insight, research, concept development, channel planning, and allocation of budget. In turn, “Create” brings together all aspects of building web assets. “Engage” entails generation and driving of traffic, as well as building relationships with the customers. It also involves buying and planning, searches engine optimization, and email and social media campaigns. Eventually, “Optimization” is the constant improvement of the system. This information is useful for my professional life because nowI now know how to use web analytics for market segmentation, as well as how to apply TCEO model for const ant improvement of the activity.
Furthermore, I learned about digital marketing strategy in the second chapter. As Dr. Philip Kotler defines it, “marketing is the science of creating and exploring value to satisfy the needs of a target market to make a profit” (Stokes, R., & Quirk eMarketing (Firm), 2013, pg.17). Therefore, its objective is to make a profit. In the adoption of a digital marketing strategy, the primary focus on the challenges affecting profitability . With this in mind, to develop an effective strategy, I have to consider brand identity challenges and make a series of well-informed decisions. These solutions would be based on the pillars including the environment, business, customer, and the competitors. The environment deals with the outside world in which the business is marketed. It includes everything ranging from global economics to petroleum prices. The business entails what the brand stands for, the feelings it elicits, the values it promotes, and the overall identity. The customer is typically the targeted audience. It signifies people or groups that identify themse lves with the brand. The competitor is similar products supplementing yours not only for revenue but also for attention and time. Digital marketing strategies can be built using building blocks from two primary analysis systems such as the 4 Ps and the SWOT approaches. 4Ps means products, prices, placement, and promotion, along with new P for people. The SWOT system is based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a product. All these systems are useful for professional success because now, I can formulate an effective digital marketing strategy for any business or product.
The third chapter was focused on market research. It involves systematical gathering, recording, and analyzing data about customers, competitors, and market with an aim of turning this information into insight that can drive market strategies and campaigns. The driving concepts of market research are investigation methodology, qualitative and quantitative data, primary and secondary survey , and sampling. Research methodology is a set of activities one should follow when conducting the study. It involves establishing goals for the task, determining your samples, choosing data collection methods, collection of actual information, analyzing the results, and finally formulating conclusions and actionable insights. Primary and secondary research is the first study done on a particular hypothesis and subsequent investigators respectively. Qualitative research is based on determining the consumer’s views on the product: if it meets their needs or not. Qualitative research is of numbers, figures, and statistics about the performance of the product. Sample involves researching on a small group of individuals that act as representatives of the market. This part provided me with extremely valuable information and experiences as currently, I know how to conduct a complete market research.
To sum up, digital marketing involves keeping in touch with consumer’s needs, anticipating them, and designing products to meet the needs of clients. From this book, I have learned a huge amount of valuable insights . The first chapter is enlightening on digital marketing, the principals involved, web analytics, and how to use them to come up with the Think, Create, Engage and Optimize (TCEO) model. From the second chapter, I have learned about digital marketing strategies, the pillars for decision making, and the two primary analysis systems. In the third chapter, I have gained knowledge about market research and its guiding concepts. All this information is exceedingly applicable on a professional level as highlighted above.
Reference
Stokes, R., & Quirk eMarketing (Firm). (2013). EMarketing: The essential guide to marketing in a digital world. Cape Town: Quirk eMarketing.
Dear Clinton,
Thank you for the work you have done. It is evident that you have already comprehended how to write good essays and reports as you are aware of how to develop paper and paragraphing structures. Keep it up.
However, there are still some weaknesses. In spite of your progress, all topic and concluding sentences required editing due to incompleteness. Please, note that each such a sentence must either introduce or summarize the main idea of the section, not separate parts of it, to the full extent. Please, address my modifications and comments and track a difference. Please, proofread your papers more precisely to avoid cases of repetitions, tautology, misspelling, missed words, and other careless grammar errors. Eventually, I strongly recommend you to read English literature, articles, and periodicals to enhance your stylistic and vocabulary. I apply a fine of 5% for gray insertions left due to usage of citation generators to grab you attention!
Please, do you best to reveal all your strength. I hope that in the next paper you will introduce them in conjunction. Your bid for the order is 75%. Your mark is 66.
Sincerely,
Jason
Mentor
Missed spacing.
Please, mind that such transitions must be separated by a semicolon and comma when they used within a sentence.
Misspelling
Adverbs must be put before verbs in Present Simple.
Repetition. Please enhance your vocabulary.
It was unclear what you meant
You should have composed a non-restrictive relative clause. It is forbidden to use brackets in such a way.
It is wrong to use this pronoun without a verb.
Please, use various transitions to ensure a smooth flow of your thoughts
For what?
Missed comma before a subject of the next clause.
Wrong preposition.
Wordiness
You did not mention them before.
Missed oxford comma. http://thewritepractice.com/why-you-need-to-be-using-oxford-commas/
Awkward structure.
Wrong sequence of words.
It is the appropriate name of the analysis. Please, always make sure that you provide relevant facts.
Confusing structure of a clause.
It must be an adjective.
Redundant spacing. Please, be more attentive during proofreading.
Multiple repetitions.
Wrong word choice.
Follow the link http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/Semicolons.html – semicolon
http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/colons.asp – colon
Please, speak as a professional!
I apply a fine for the use of this contraction!
Please, avoid the gray insertions!
