Define the difference between inductive versus deductive reasoning?
What are the stages of scientific investigation?
What does a theory represents?
List the three domains and 6 kingdoms.
List the 5 properties of life.
Distinguish between metabolism, homeostasis, and heredity.
List the levels of organization of life in order of increasing complexity.
What are the four types of macromolecules?
What are proteins made of?
Explain what structure equals function means and give an example.
What are triglycerides, monosaccharides, and peptides?
What is a nucleotide? Describe the structure and function of DNA.
Differentiate between natural and artificial selection.
Describe how energy flows through ecosystems.
What is symbiosis? Give an example of mutualism.
What are the three principles of the cell theory?
Contrast a gene from a genome.
Define the theory of evolution.
Explain the evolutionary relationship between protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
Is it advantageous as a cell to have a high or low surface-volume ratio and why?
The electron microscope gives the added advantage of looking at what in addition to individual cells?
What is the main type of molecule that composes the plasma membrane?
Describe how the plasma membrane is arranged.
What are the functions of proteins found in the plasma membrane?
What are the main differences in cell structure between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Compare the following types of DNA: eukaryotic nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA, prokaryotic DNA.
Describe the function of the following organelles: endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, ribosome, peroxisome, lysosome, centrioles.
Contrast chromatin and chromosomes. When would you expect to see them in the cell?
Describe where a protein in made and how it is transported out of the cell.
Which organelles likely were derived from endosymbiosis? What are two characteristics that these organelles share with bacteria?
What cytoskeletal proteins are used in movement of cells?
What is the difference between kinesin and dynein?
In which of the following kingdoms do you find plasma membranes and cell walls: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista?
Contrast, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport as far as whether they use proteins, occur up or down the concentration gradient, and use energy.
Define solutions that are hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic, and isotonic.
What are the processes that describe how substances (liquid and solid) get into and out of cells?
What is the energy currency of the cell and what process produces it?
What are the starting products and end products of cellular respiration?
How many ATP are made from one glucose molecule?
List the 4 main stages of cellular respiration as they occur in order from start to finish.
During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is split into what? How many net ATP are made from this step?
What is the end product of pyruvate oxidation?
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP?
What is the role of NADH and FADH2?
In cellular respiration, what is the terminal electron acceptor?
What is the role of the proton pump and ATP synthase? Describe the movement of protons through them.
What types of cells does mitosis versus meiosis occur in?
What are the three main stages of the cell cycle and what happens in each of them?
List the stages of mitosis in order from start to finish.
If a pair of chromosomes is homologous, what does that mean and where did each chromosome come from? Is an organism with a homologous pair of chromosomes haploid or diploid?
When one chromosome of a homologous pair replicates, the two identical copies are referred to as what and are held together by a what?
How many pairs of chromosomes does a human being have? Is this the same number as in all other organisms?
Describe what happens to the chromosomes during each stage of mitosis.
How are sister chromatids carried to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase?
Describe the difference in cytokinesis in animal versus plant cells.
How does cancer relate to mitosis? What are benign versus malignant tumors?
What is the end product of mitosis and meiosis as far as cell number is concerned and whether the cells are haploid or diploid?
What happens to chromosome number after fertilization of egg and sperm?
What separates in meiosis one versus meiosis two?
How do homologous pairs of chromosomes exchange genetic material? Is this done during meiosis one or two?
List three ways in which sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity.
