An assessment of UK’s Food Supply Chain Resilience in Response to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Event (Literature review only)
Introduction
Food production in the UK is currently changing based on the climate change and extreme weather events. The global climatic changes have affected the production of food, as it is increasingly becoming harder to distribute food to the growing population. The UK is currently taking measures to ensure that the population has adequate food supply by conducting different sustainability programs that will assist in food preservation. In that regard, this analysis of literature will contribute in the assessment of the change in climate and unpredictable weather events, resilience and the UK food supply chain resilience in response to the differences in the climate and extreme weather frequencies.
Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events
The issues in climate change and extreme weather events were initially noted through the changes in temperature. Meehl et al., (2000, p.428) indicates that the changes in temperature were noted in the fact that there were temperature extremes as there were days that were extremely warm and the low probability of having cold days. The authors further indicate that there was a change in precipitation as there was increased emission of greenhouse gases. Rosenweig et al., (2001, p.91) note that global warming is one of the major climatic changes that has affected the lives of individuals in different variations, especially in the rise in temperatures. The researchers note that global warming has an adverse role in the change of the weather, and in turn, has affected various operations in the daily lives of individuals.
Extreme weather events are often noted by episodes of intense rainfall that leads to floods and in some instances, drought. Rosenweig et al., (2001, p.91) state that the episodes of intense rains and floods have affected the weather patterns, leading to episodes of extreme drought. Rosenweig et al., (2001, p.92) further indicates that the periods of drought are sometimes followed by intense rains, such as the occurrence of El Nino rains. Mirza (2003, p.242) asserts that the extremity in the weather changes have led to the changes in the performance of the economy, as countries that are reliant on agriculture as a means of economic stability. Coumou and Rahmstorf (2012, p.1) note that the changes in the weather patterns such as extreme cold and increased heat waves as a result of global warming. The authors further indicate that the weather changes are noted to be on the rise as there is increased human interference on the natural environment.
Other than the rise in temperatures, Francis and Vavrus (2012, p.1) indicate that the extremities in the cold weather as there are areas that have experienced rise in temperatures. However, the authors note that the increase in global warming has affected the areas in the arctic, by melting the snow, which leads to precipitation and increase in rainfall. Meehl et al., (2000, p.434) have indicated that the changes in temperature have increased the minimum temperature in different areas, especially where there was low temperatures. Furtherance, the authors note that the changes in the minimum temperatures have affected the climate of areas where there was no snow as the precipitation is increased, for example in North America. Rosenweig et al., (2001, p.95) state that the changes in the climate have affected the snow occurrence, which leads to areas that experience winter have warm weather during the season. In addition, with the warm weather, there are instances of cold snaps, which are followed by crippling snow storms.
The change in weather patterns can be noted to have an effect on the general temperatures of different areas. Coumou and Raahmstorf (2012, p.2) indicate that there has been a recording of destructive heat waves that have broken records based on the analysis of the previous years. The researchers note increase in heat waves can be attributed to global warming that is occurring internationally, which can be linked to the El Nino rainfalls that are on the rise. According to Easterling et al., (2009, p.2069) indicate that there have been temperature extremes in North Europe, that has seen the change in frequency of frost days, which can also be noted with an adverse decrease in temperature. The research further notes that the global warming aspect has increased the changes that can be noted in the temperatures.
With reference to the change in climate and the extreme weather events, it can be noted that there is a notable difference in the crop quality. According to Lobell, Schlenker and Costa-Roberts (2011, p.616), climate change has affected the food availability based on the changes in weather in the cropping areas. The research by the individuals indicates that the growing seasons in most countries are affected by the changes in temperature that affect the quality of the crops produced. Furtherance, Schlenker and Roberts (2009, p.15594) state that the emission of greenhouse gases have affected the production of crops, especially in the United States. According to the research, the change in the climatic conditions is noted to have the implication on the quality of crops being produced, which is reflected on the types of crops produced.
Further assessing the crop quality based on the climate behaviour and the weather events, Ahmed and Stepp (2016, p.3) indicate that the quality of the agricultural produce is affected by the atmospheric changes in precipitation, the carbon dioxide levels that are on the rise because of the emission of greenhouse gases, temperature changes through the ongoing climate change. In addition, the researchers indicate that the climatic variables have affected both the quantity and quality of crops that are produced based on the antioxidant activities that result from the changes in the climate. In addition, Kawasaki and Uchida (2016) state that the changes in the quality and quantity of crops that are produced can be noted in the variations of grades of the crops. The alteration based on the quality has in turn affected the agricultural strategies that are used to produce the crops.
In relation to the availability of land for agriculture, Ahmed and Stepp (2016, p.1) state that the availability of land is dependable on the climatic change effects in the area designated for crop production. The effect on the agricultural land can be noted in the research conducted by Gornall et al., (2010, p.2975) indicate that the weather events and the climate changes affect the global food production and there are continuing rising in the risks in food security. The research further mentions that the changes in the climatic patterns have led to the rise in the need to have irrigation strategies. Kumar and Gautam (2016, p.1) state that the climate change effects on agriculture productivity have been increased with the high population growth that is difficult to sustain based on the limitation in food production.
With the climatic changes having an effect on agriculture, it can be deduced that there are implications on the operations with regards to food production processes. Gornall et al., (2010, p.2974) indicates that the changes in the temperatures have caused losses of up to $5 billion on maize, wheat and barley in the US. Lobell, Schlenker and Costa-Roberts (2014, p.617) state that the changes in the weather patterns have occurred in a method that has balanced the losses in some country by others increasing in production. The researchers cite the case of soybean and rice where the countries with gains balanced those with losses. Coumou and Rahmstorf (2012, p.1) further indicate that in 2010, the Pakistani flooding and the Moscow heat wave not only led to the loss of lives, but the losses of up to 30% of the grain harvest, which led the government to ban exports.
In further assessing the findings of Coumou and Rahmstorf (2012, p.2), it may be noted that the logistics in the transportation of the agricultural exports are affected. According to the research, the loss incurred in the logistics can be noted in terms of the changes in quantity and quality of exports. Rosenweig et al., (2001, p.90) points out that the deterioration in food production in the US led to tax payers giving approximately $3 billion in relief to the corn farmers. The changes in the climate are noted to affect the production as there is constraints in the production of food to the farmers. With the increase in the waste of produce, there are logistical factors that are affected in the fulfilment of the needs of the population. Mirza (2003, p.235) states that the vulnerability of the agricultural land also plays a role in the losses incurred with the extremities in climatic and weather events.
The changes in climate and unpredictable weather events have an implication on the economic development in the country. Jenkins (2013, p.1) indicates that the damages that the businesses suffer have an implication on the socio-economic development operations. The author further indicates that there is the need to have a scale that effectively measures the magnitude of the losses of the events, which will in turn assist in mitigating the risks to the business. Demertzidis et al., (2015, p.95) note that the changes in the weather patterns have an implication on the businesses in either a positive or negative way. The research conducted indicates that the climatic changes and weather events may assist in opening better opportunities for the businesses based on the changes that occur in the environment. The researchers further state that the business initiatives set up after the climatic changes and extreme weather events have led to opportunities that have assisted to further business growth.
Resilience
Lal, Singh and Mwaseba (2014, p.387) define resilience as the state of having the natural ecosystem to withstand environmental changes based on the ability to have resistance to certain forms of disturbances. Furtherance, the authors note that the definition can incorporate the capacity that the environment can be able to recover, rearrange and use the results of the disturbances to adapt to the new environment. In the food security assessment, Shenggen et al., (2014, p.109) define resilience in the food and agricultural sector as the ability to prevent crises and disasters by being able to anticipate, engross and accommodate the effects of the disaster and creating an efficient and timely solution that will manage the condition in a timely manner. The authors further indicate that the protection, restoration and improving on the systems of agriculture will assist in improving food security.
There are different ways of measuring resilience and the effect on supply chain processes, especially in the management of food security. Lal, Singh and Mwaseba (2014, p.387) further indicate that the measurement of the strategy should be based on the ability of the environment to be affected at a minimum capacity after a disaster. Almas and Campbell (2012, p.291) indicate that the effectiveness of the agricultural strategies in the management of sustainability will be able to determine the effectiveness of the resilience strategy that has been set. In addition, the authors indicate that the policies that are set aside by the governing body will assist in the management of resilience in the organization. Barthel and Isendahl (2012) indicate that the measurement of resilience and the supply chain processes can be assessed through the assessment of the differences in operation during and after the crisis. In addition, the researchers indicate that with no decrease in operations in food production, resilience can be noted as being effective in the management of the food supply chain.
According to Christopher and Peck (2004, p.1) define a resilience in the supply chain process as the method that creates effective operations that are effective in the distribution of the food products. The researchers indicate that a resilient supply chain is able to manage the consumer needs without risking the delivery of the products to the end use. In further assessing supply chain resilience, Christopher (2011, p.24) indicates that the resilience supply chain is based on the creation of a process that is able to withstand the volatility and turbulence in the operating environment. In addition, the supply chain process should be able to ensure that the change in the environmental factors such as politics, the economy and that of the business have limited impact on the supply chain. Sheffi and Rice (2005, p.41) add that the resilient supply chain may be managed through the redundancy management and having flexibility in the supply chain process. The supply chain process should be measured based on the need to have effective methods that do not interfere with the livelihood of the people.
Ceryno et al., (2013, p.145) state that the resilient food supply chain processes should be built based on the management of the theoretical information and balancing with the operations in the organization. According to the authors, the selection of the different strategies in the management of the food chain supply is effective in controlling the losses that may be incurred in the supply process. Whipple and Russell (2007) suggest that the use of the collaborative approaches such as having a collaborative management of transaction, and collaborating management of events and processes assists in the effective creation of a resilient supply chain process. Hudson (2009) states that the management of the environmental footprint will assist in ensuring that the supply chain process is effectively managed. Sonnino and Marsden (2006) state that the supply chain process should be built derived from the implications that the actions will have on the rural and agricultural development.
In the assessment of the resilient food supply chain, Sonninno and Marsden (2006) indicate that the relationships that have been created in the operating environment should be managed effectively. According to the research, having sustainable relationships between the key players in the supply chain will assist in building a strategy that will have minimum implication on food production. LeBlanc et al., (2014) state that the food production systems should be mirrored on the management of the processes, which should be driven by the goals of the retailer, those of the consumer and the producers. Having a resilient food chain further incorporates the participation of different actors in the agricultural industry, who will assist in the attainment of the set goals in the supply chain (LeBlanc et al., 2014). The assessment by Marten and Atalan-Helicke (2015) indicate that the current food supply chain processes have been affected by the complexity of the operations in the market. According to the findings, the social and environmental implications on the processes and logistics have affected the resilience of the operations in the market. The systems created in the different strategies of maintaining resilience have affected the operations in the market and in turn food supply.
The management of a resilient food chain is dependent on the availability of resources in the market. Manning and Soon (2016) indicate that the availability of resources will assist in ensuring that the supply chain in food production is conducted effectively. The researchers note that the use of the resources available will assist in the assessment of the different tools that will be used to measure the best and most effective strategy to be applied. According to Maslaric et al., (2013, p.229), the management of the resources that are invested in the supply chain processes will be effective in ensuring that there is availability of food in the market. Furtherance, the authors indicate that the management of the costs of operations will assist in ensuring that there is no compromise in the quality of the food being produced, which may have adverse effects if costs are cut.
Min et al., (2006, p.252) assert that collaboration of efforts in the supply chain processes is one of the most effective means in the management of resources. According to the research, having collaborative efforts in the food industry is important in ensuring that the people have access to the adequate food supply. Brabeck-Letmathe (2016, p.8) states that the efficiency of resources can be managed through the mitigation of the climate changes by the different food production organizations. In the assessment, the author notes that the maintenance of stability is a critical aspect that will have an implication on the operations in the food market. Foley et al., (2011, p.1) indicate that the environmental changes have affected the yields of the crops, hence the need to manage the current resources to ensure that there is sufficient food supply in the global growing population.
Godfray et al., (2010, p.812) indicate that there are currently finite resources that are available in the management of the food supply in the market, which creates a challenge in providing food for the growing population. The changes in the climate have affected the processes used in the management of the food supply, hence the need to manage resources that will create efficient supply in the market. In further assessing the management of the resources, the researchers indicate that the incorporation of sustainability in the food production processes will assist in ensuring that there is sufficient food supply in the market. The management of the resources in the creation of food security can be noted in the designation of roles to individuals in different professions. Beddington et al., (2012) state that the strategic investments that are conducted in the production of climate-resistant crops can be noted in the scientific developments in agriculture. The authors note that the management of the production systems has affected the availability of knowledge in the market with regards to food supply and management processes. The need to have sustainability in agriculture will be effective in the management of the resources and limiting the waste in the food production process.
The UK Food Supply Chain Resilience in response to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events
The current food supply chains in the UK is managed through effective cooperation between different players in the industry. Smith (2008, p.850) indicates that the need for sustainability in the food production can be noted in the cooperation between different food manufacturers , the NGOs, farmer’s and governmental organizations and the retailers in the food supply market. Furtherance, the author indicates that the interpersonal relationships between the individuals and players in the industry affect the strategy that will assist in ensuring that there are sustainable practices in the field. Bourlakis and Weightman (2004, p.2) indicate that the supply chain processes in the UK food supply chain has changed based on the competition in prices and the influence of the environment on availability and the uncertainty in the changes occurring. The authors note that the change in the environment has affected the food supply in the UK, which has also increased the competition in terms of the management of the resources in the market.
The evaluation of the supply chain processes can be indicated in the assessment of Shokri, Oglethorpe and Nabhani (2014, p.1225) who state that there is increasing development in the management of the supply chain processes in food management in the UK agricultural industry. The research notes that the levels of concern in the satisfaction of the needs of the people led to the rise in the creation of the sustainability practices in the market. With the rise in the processes of managing food supply, it can be noted that there are some cases of waste that are reported in the food production and management supply chain processes. Parfitt, Barthel and Macnaughton (2010) note that the European market is increasing the strides in the management of the supply chain n food production to ensure that there is adequate food supply by the year 2050. According to the research, the authors note that the growth in the population in the European market has affected the strategies that the government and other agencies are applying in the management of the supply chain process.
Kearney (2010) states that the food production in the UK is influenced by a variations of factors such as the global trends and the environmental capabilities. According to the author, the changes in the environment have been affected by the changes in food consumption and the practices in the agriculture business. Tomilson (2011, p.2) state that the production of food, especially grain, has affected the management of the international agricultural industry, especially with the changes in the climate. The food systems in the UK have been noted to have the implication on the policies that are set in the management of the systems. The assessment of the products and the food supplies can be noted be structured by the changes in the supply of the food products. Lang and Schoen (2015), however, note that there is the increased need to assess the processes in the food production based on the slow nature of the processes in the market. According to the authors, the need to have a strategy that will effectively manage the food production processes will assist in the development of the processes.
In the creation of effective food production in the UK, there are various risks that are associated with the processes. Timan et al., (2002) state that the political management of the policies that are set with regards to food production have a critical role in ensuring the agricultural lands are managed effectively. The researchers state that there is the need to have the manageable policies that will ensure that the environment of the integrity is managed and there is no compromise to the people or the natural environment. Furthermore, Satterthwaite, McGranaham and Tacoli (2010) state that the social risks in food production can be noted in the development of the lands that would have been used for agriculture in the urbanization processes. Sonnino and Marsden (2006) further indicate that the maintenance of relationships with the members in Europe will assist in managing food supply by ensuring that the production of the foods and imports is balanced out.
The environment, with reference to the current changes in the climate and the adverse weather events have an implication on UK’s food supply chain and the manageability of the factors of production. With the increased changes in the climate, Maghari and Ardekani (2011) indicate that the environment has affected the quality of food produced. The authors note that the use of biotechnology to meet the demands of food production in the market can be noted in the production of genetically modified foods. The UK is currently being affected by the changes in the climate through the limitation in the range of food products in the market. Parry et al., (2004, p.54) state that the yield of the crops is affected by the changes in the environment, which has led various biotechnological organizations to emphasize on the creation of models that will assist in food production. Schmidhuber and Tubiello (2007, p.19704) state that the precipitation, increase in the temperatures and continued emission of GHG have affected the sustainability of land and the yield of the crops produced. The climate change factors have also been noted to change the quality and quantity of imports, which affect the supply chain processes in the country and internationally.
The UK is taking strides in the management of the food production processes by implementing different strategies that will be used in the exports and imports of the agricultural goods. Tilman et al., (2009) states that the international environmental change has shifted the processes used in the management of the food security and production, with the supply chain being affected in terms of exports. Hellin et al., (2012, p.312) state that the rising populations have affected the maize and whet production, which has led to the need to change the production processes, especially for developing countries. The changes in the crop quality have affected the main production processes, with some of the countries opting to limit the exports and the returns made from agriculture exports. Zewdie (2014) states that there has been collaborations between the different international agencies to ensure that there is sufficient food production that will assist in the management of the processes will assist in ensuring that there is food supply in the changing environment.
Conclusion
From the analysis of the literature, it can be noted that the changes in climate and extreme weather events affect the food production based on a variety of factors. The review of literature notes that there is a gap in the analysis of the information based on the limited research on some of the factors that affect agricultural production. It can also be noted that there is a gap in the evaluation of the UK food production based on the climate changes and the need to ensure that there is processes being undertaken in the management of food production in the market. The need to conduct an assessment on the UK food production processes will assist in getting further knowledge on the market and the processes that are being undertaken in managing food production in the changing environment.
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